Citation: Xiuxiu Dai, Weisen Lin, Kemeng Wu, Guowang Cheng, Na Wan, Tongkai Chen, Zhenfeng Wu. The evolutionary journey of essential oils: From synthesis to biomedical applications[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(12): 112465. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2026.112465 shu

The evolutionary journey of essential oils: From synthesis to biomedical applications

Xiuxiu Dai ^{a, c} ,
Weisen Lin ^b ,
Kemeng Wu ^b ,
Guowang Cheng ^b ,
Na Wan ^{a, *,} ,
Tongkai Chen ^{b, *,} ,
Zhenfeng Wu ^{a, c, *,}

a.
Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
b.
Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
c.
State Key Laboratory for the Modernization of Classical and Famous Prescriptions of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China

wanna988@163.com

chentongkai@gzucm.edu.cn

zfwu527@163.com

Received Date: 17 October 2025
Revised Date: 21 January 2026
Accepted Date: 27 January 2026
Available Online: 27 January 2026

Figures(3)

Essential oils (EOs), extracted from various aromatic plants, have numerous health benefits and are widely used in medicine. However, their low yields, complex composition, poor solubility, limited bioavailability, and sensitivity to environmental factors such as light, heat, and oxidation pose challenges that hinder their applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the plant biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of EOs and discusses strategies to enhance their production through metabolic and process regulation. Additionally, it meticulously examines the development of diverse techniques for the extraction, separation, and purification of EOs, as well as sophisticated analytical methods for the identification of their components. The bioactivities of EOs and the biomedical applications of both native and encapsulated EOs in various in vitro and in vivo models are discussed. Moreover, the encapsulation-induced enhancement of the efficacy and stability of EOs is highlighted. Finally, this review details the current clinical trials involving EOs and their encapsulated formulations. Overall, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of EOs research and promote future innovations and advancements in their production, characterization, and clinical utilization.
- Essential oils,
- Extraction techniques,
- Analytical characterization,
- Biomedical applications,
- Drug delivery
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142