Citation: Sameena Noor Khattak, Kodzo Prosper Adzavon, Weijian Zhao, Wang Sheng. Advances in neoantigen peptide-based nanovaccines for targeted tumor immunotherapy: Multifaceted strategies, challenges, and future perspectives[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(11): 112244. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112244 shu

Advances in neoantigen peptide-based nanovaccines for targeted tumor immunotherapy: Multifaceted strategies, challenges, and future perspectives

College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

Received Date: 23 August 2025
Revised Date: 8 December 2025
Accepted Date: 9 December 2025
Available Online: 10 December 2025

Figures(6)

Tumor vaccines have emerged as a potentially effective strategy for inducing a strong antitumor immune response and lasting immune memory. In lymph nodes (LNs), tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or tumor-specific antigens (TSAs, neoantigens) are presented to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), particularly dendritic cells (DCs), to stimulate T-cell responses against tumor cells. By leveraging patient-specific mutations, personalized neoantigen-based vaccines offer a more targeted approach, enhancing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Vaccines based on peptides are a better source of neoantigens due to their affordability, safety, and ease of modification. However, problems such as low accumulation in LNs, inefficient antigen presentation, and low immunogenicity have hampered their clinical progression. To solve these problems, vaccine development is increasingly utilizing nanotechnologies. By preventing antigen degradation, ensuring controlled release, and facilitating targeted delivery to LNs and APCs, nanoparticles (NPs) significantly enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Their adaptable and versatile physicochemical characteristics enable improved APCs uptake and co-delivery of adjuvants, boosting the immune response. The role of NP-based platforms in the development of peptide neoantigen vaccines is examined in this review. Important tactics for maximizing their efficacy, such as the design of peptide neoantigens with multiple epitopes, the choice of optimal nanomaterials, combinatorial approaches, and multiadjuvant approaches, are highlighted. Furthermore, a review of the present obstacles to the development of nanovaccines, including biocompatibility, stability, and scalability, is provided, along with a roadmap for potential future clinical use.
- Cancer vaccines,
- Neoantigens,
- Peptides vaccines,
- Nanoparticles,
- Immunotherapy
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