Citation: Jianyuan Li, Jing-Hui Zhu, Yingnan Wu, Yingying Zhang, Mingrui Gu, Yahui Chen, Mingle Li, Xiaoqiang Chen, Xiaojun Peng. Tailoring NanoLuc luciferase for self-illuminated imaging, biosensing, and deep-tissue phototherapy[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(10): 112137. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112137 shu

Tailoring NanoLuc luciferase for self-illuminated imaging, biosensing, and deep-tissue phototherapy

Jianyuan Li ^a ,
Jing-Hui Zhu ^a ,
Yingnan Wu ^a ,
Yingying Zhang ^a ,
Mingrui Gu ^a ,
Yahui Chen ^a ,
Mingle Li ^{a, *,} ,
Xiaoqiang Chen ^{a, *,} ,
Xiaojun Peng ^{a, b, *,}

a.
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
b.
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

limingle@szu.edu.cn

chenxq@szu.edu.cn

pengxj@dlut.edu.cn

Received Date: 26 August 2025
Revised Date: 18 November 2025
Accepted Date: 19 November 2025
Available Online: 20 November 2025

Figures(13)

Bioluminescence imaging has emerged as a vital tool for studying molecular dynamics in living organisms, owing to its high sensitivity, absence of background fluorescence, and independence from external excitation light sources, demonstrating significant potential for propelling self-illuminated theranostic applications. Among bioluminescent systems, NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) demonstrates significant advantages over traditional luciferases due to its exceptional catalytic efficiency, small molecular size (19 kDa), stability, and ATP independence. However, its short emission wavelength (ca. 460 nm) is susceptible to tissue attenuation, which hinders deep-tissue applications, severely impeding its application in deep-tissue imaging and theranostics. Fortunately, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technology, combined with fluorescent protein fusions, protein tag techniques, and site-specific labeling with fluorescent dyes, effectively extends emission wavelengths, greatly enriching the toolkit for bioluminescence-based integrated theranostics. This review, for the first time, systematically summarizes groundbreaking strategies for engineered NLuc in “self-illuminating” theranostic applications. By elucidating its structure-function relationships, we focus on developments in NLuc engineering, substrate optimization, and the construction of BRET systems. The review critically assesses progress in deep-tissue imaging and spatiotemporally controlled phototherapy, providing a forward-looking roadmap for clinical translation in diagnostics and precision medicine.
- NanoLuc,
- Bioluminescence,
- Bioimaging,
- Biosensing,
- Phototherapy
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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142