Citation: Xuan Hu, Ziyan Shen, Shuang Chao, Yuxin Pei, Shoupeng Cao, Zhichao Pei. Micro/nanomotors: From design to biomedicine applications[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(6): 112127. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112127 shu

Micro/nanomotors: From design to biomedicine applications

Xuan Hu ^{a, 1} ,
Ziyan Shen ^{a, 1} ,
Shuang Chao ^{a, *,} ,
Yuxin Pei ^{a, *,} ,
Shoupeng Cao ^{b, *,} ,
Zhichao Pei ^{a, *,}

a.
College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
b.
College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China

chaoshuang@nwafu.edu.cn

peiyx@nwafu.edu.cn

caoshoupeng@scu.edu.cn

peizc@nwafu.edu.cn

Received Date: 29 July 2025
Revised Date: 2 November 2025
Accepted Date: 16 November 2025
Available Online: 18 November 2025

Figures(12)

Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniature devices capable of autonomous movement and execution of specific tasks at the micro/nano scale. Compared with traditional drugs, nanomedicines can achieve precise drug delivery through targeting, thereby reducing toxic and side effects on normal tissues. MNMs can utilize inherent fuels in biological systems or absorb external energy and convert it into kinetic energy, which enables them to address the issue that nanomedicines fail to act on the core of lesions due to insufficient tissue penetration. Therefore, they are regarded as excellent candidates for constructing efficient targeted delivery and diagnosis-treatment systems. This review introduces the design and driving strategies of different types of MNMs. Through functionalization of materials and optimization of driving modes, the dual designed objectives of reducing toxic side effects and improving therapeutic efficiency are achieved. In terms of applications, this review mainly introduces the research progress of MNMs in the biomedical field (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, antibacterial and disease diagnosis-treatment). Finally, the challenges and limitations faced by the practical application of MNMs are discussed, and the future development directions of MNMs are prospected.
- Micro/nanomotors,
- Propulsion mechanisms,
- Deep penetration,
- Biomedical application,
- Personalized and precision medicine
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