Citation: Yan-Qi Zhao, Zi-Jian Cheng, Dian Cai, Yue-Lin Fang, Jian Xu, Hong-Lan Dai, Wen-Qi Liu, Xin-Xin Zhang. Nanostructured lipid-based adjuvants and delivery systems for antiviral vaccine development[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(9): 112059. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112059 shu

Nanostructured lipid-based adjuvants and delivery systems for antiviral vaccine development

Yan-Qi Zhao ^{a, 1} ,
Zi-Jian Cheng ^{b, c, 1} ,
Dian Cai ^{b, c, 1} ,
Yue-Lin Fang ^a ,
Jian Xu ^{b, c} ,
Hong-Lan Dai ^a ,
Wen-Qi Liu ^a ,
Xin-Xin Zhang ^{a, b, c, *,}

a.
Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
b.
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
c.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

xinxinzhang@simm.ac.cn

Received Date: 31 July 2025
Revised Date: 1 November 2025
Accepted Date: 3 November 2025
Available Online: 4 November 2025

Figures(6)

Lipid-based vaccines, such as liposomes, emulsions, and lipid nanoparticles, play a key role in the development of antiviral vaccines due to their unique immunomodulatory properties, capacity to serve as antigen depots, ability to protect antigens, and adjuvant effect. Among the various approved vaccines, the vast majority utilize lipid-based adjuvants and delivery systems, such as AS01, AS03, MF59, and BNT162b2. These formulations establish an inflammatory microenvironment at the injection site, recruit immune cells, and activate innate immune pathways, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of the antigen. Concurrently, they protect antigens from enzymatic degradation and thereby maintain the stability of antigens. This review comprehensively summarizes approved lipid-based antiviral vaccines, encompassing their composition, structure, and underlying immunological mechanisms. Furthermore, it outlines emerging trends in the development of diverse lipid-based vaccine platforms, including strategies to enhance antigen loading capacity, achieve more precise targeting of antigen-presenting cells, and implement novel combinatorial approaches involving multi-platform and multi-pathway strategies. Finally, the review addresses the prevalent challenges, future development directions, industrial-scale manufacturing considerations, and quality control requirements for lipid-based vaccines, with the aim of advancing this promising field.
- Antiviral vaccines,
- Liposomes,
- Emulsions,
- Lipid nanoparticles,
- Adjuvants,
- Delivery systems
1. [1]
  C. Wang, J. Wang, D. Liu, Z.L. Zhang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35 (2024) 110302. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110302
2. [2]
  H. Yan, J. Sun, K. Wang, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 11 (2021) 2850–2858. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.024
3. [3]
  Y. Hou, M. Chen, Y. Bian, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 13 (2023) 3321–3338. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.006
4. [4]
  M.S. Bijker, C.J.M. Melief, R. Offringa, S.H. van der Burg, Expert. Rev. Vaccines 6 (2007) 591–603. doi: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.591
5. [5]
  A. Mohta, M.K. Sharma, P. Kumari, B.C. Ghiya, R.D. Mehta, Dermatol. Pract. Concept. 12 (2022) e2022068. doi: 10.5826/dpc.1202a68
6. [6]
  C. Wang, F. Yuan, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 210 (2024) 115340. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115340
7. [7]
  C. He, M. Qin, X. Sun, Acta Pharm. Sin. B 10 (2020) 1175–1191. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.009
8. [8]
  Z. Su, H. Boucetta, J. Shao, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 14 (2024) 4665–4682. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.09.012
9. [9]
  D. Zhu, C. Hu, F. Fan, et al., Biomaterials 206 (2019) 25–40. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.012
10. [10]
  H. Chen, L. Wang, X. Zhao, et al., ACS Nano 18 (2024) 9160–9175. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00925
11. [11]
  R. Kuai, X. Sun, W. Yuan, et al., J. Control Release 282 (2018) 131–139. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.041
12. [12]
  P. Shinde, V. Bharat, A. Rodriguez-Oquendo, B. Zhou, A.T. Vella, Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 18 (2018) 1073–1083. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1518422
13. [13]
  N. Pardi, M.J. Hogan, F.W. Porter, D. Weissman, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 17 (2018) 261–279. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.243
14. [14]
  Y. Tian, M. Li, Y. Yang, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 35 (2024) 109270. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109270
15. [15]
  Z. Jiang, Y. Xu, G. Du, X. Sun, J. Control. Release 370 (2024) 287–301. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.039
16. [16]
  J. Lee, D. Kim, J. Byun, et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 186 (2022) 114325. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114325
17. [17]
  Y. Ding, Z. Li, A. Jaklenec, Q. Hu, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 179 (2021) 113914. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113914
18. [18]
  C.J. Lee, M. Koizumi, T. Kosaka, J. Food Drug Anal. 2 (2020) 255–264.
19. [19]
  T. Liu, Y. Liang, L. Huang, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9 (2021) 766764. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.766764
20. [20]
  M. Moradi, F. Vahedi, A. Abbassioun, et al., Immun. Inflamm. Dis. 11 (2023) e867. doi: 10.1002/iid3.867
21. [21]
  K.S. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Park, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 2512–2522. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201504879
22. [22]
  S. Nooraei, H. Bahrulolum, Z.S. Hoseini, et al., J. Nanobiotechnology. 19 (2021) 59. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00806-7
23. [23]
  M. Pei, J. Liang, C. Zhang, et al., Carbohydr. Polym. 224 (2019) 115172. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115172
24. [24]
  F. Shen, H. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Sun, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2023) e202312624.
25. [25]
  C. Keda, W. Xiaoxin, W. Qingjing, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 34 (2023) 107446. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.044
26. [26]
  B.N. Aldosari, I.M. Alfagih, A.S. Almurshedi, Pharmaceutics. 13 (2021) 206. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020206
27. [27]
  A. Bolhassani, Mol. Biotechnol. 65 (2022) 669–698.
28. [28]
  X. Zhang, Y. Li, Z. Zhou, ACS Omega 9 (2024) 6219–6234. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08353
29. [29]
  Y. Ke, E. Zhang, J. Guo, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 13 (2023) 4856–4874. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.023
30. [30]
  Q. Bi, X. Song, Y. Zhao, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 13 (2022) 1287–1302.
31. [31]
  Y. Wan, L. Li, R. Chen, et al., Acta Pharm. Sin. B 14 (2023) 1362–1379.
32. [32]
  C.L. Smith, B. Richardson, M. Rubsamen, et al., Vaccine 42 (2023) 229–238.
33. [33]
  C. Givord, I. Welsby, S. Detienne, et al., NPJ. Vaccines. 3 (2018) 20. doi: 10.1038/s41541-018-0058-4
34. [34]
  J.J. Liau, S. Hook, C.A. Prestidge, T.J. Barnes, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 97 (2015) 15–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.018
35. [35]
  S. He, W. Fan, N. Wu, et al., Nano Lett. 18 (2018) 2411–2419. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05430
36. [36]
  L. Zhang, K.R. More, A. Ojha, et al., NPJ Vaccines 8 (2023) 156. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00751-6
37. [37]
  J. Liu, W. Sun, B. Xiao, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 17 (2025) 13552–13564. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c21289
38. [38]
  M. Coccia, C. Collignon, C. Hervé, et al., NPJ Vaccines 2 (2017) 25. doi: 10.1038/s41541-017-0027-3
39. [39]
  V.V. Stylianou, K.M. Bertram, V.A. Vo, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 134 (2024) e174144. doi: 10.1172/JCI174144
40. [40]
  W.H. Shen, C.C. Wang, J.X. Jiang, et al., J. Control. Release 365 (2024) 208–218. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.026
41. [41]
  M.A. Monslow, S. Elbashir, N.L. Sullivan, et al., Vaccine 38 (2020) 5793–5802. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.062
42. [42]
  A.M. Didierlaurent, C. Collignon, P. Bourguignon, et al., J. Immunol. 193 (2014) 1920–1930. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400948
43. [43]
  S.T. Agnandji, B. Lell, J.F. Fernandes, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (2012) 2284–2295. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208394
44. [44]
  L. Stertman, A.E. Palm, B. Zarnegar, et al., Hum. Vaccin. ImmunOther 19 (2023) 2189885. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2189885
45. [45]
  S.E. Magnusson, A.F. Altenburg, K.L. Bengtsson, et al., Immunol. Res. 66 (2018) 224–233. doi: 10.1007/s12026-018-8991-x
46. [46]
  P.T. Heath, E.P. Galiza, D.N. Baxter, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 385 (2021) 1172–1183. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2107659
47. [47]
  V. Shinde, S. Bhikha, Z. Hoosain, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 384 (2021) 1899–1909. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2103055
48. [48]
  N. Venkatraman, G. Bowyer, N.J. Edwards, et al., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97 (2017) 594.
49. [49]
  A.T. Kamath, A.F. Rochat, D. Christensen, et al., PLoS One 4 (2009) e5771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005771
50. [50]
  D. Christensen, Chapter 17-development and evaluation of CAF01, in: V.E.J.C. Schijns, D.T. O’Hagan (Eds. ), Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2017, pp. 333–345.
51. [51]
  M. Henriksen-Lacey, V.W. Bramwell, D. Christensen, et al., J. Control. Release 142 (2010) 180–186. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.022
52. [52]
  D. Christensen, D. Kirby, C. Foged, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1778 (2008) 1365–1373. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.013
53. [53]
  J.T. van Dissel, S.A. Joosten, S.T. Hoff, et al., Vaccine 32 (2014) 7098–7107. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.036
54. [54]
  W.A. Okoth, M.F. Ho, M. Zaman, et al., mBio 14 (2023) e0254723. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02547-23
55. [55]
  K. Worzner, J. Hvannastein, S.T. Schmidt, et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 165 (2021) 293–305. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.020
56. [56]
  M.H. Teplensky, M.E. Distler, C.D. Kusmierz, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 (2022) e2119093119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2119093119
57. [57]
  S. Shao, W.C. Huang, C.Y. Lin, et al., Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48 (2020) 1991–2001. doi: 10.1007/s10439-019-02398-8
58. [58]
  F.A. Hamid, N.M.N. Le, D. Song, et al., J. Control. Release 384 (2025) 113901. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113901
59. [59]
  A. Peletta, E. Prompetchara, K. Tharakhet, et al., Vaccines 9 (2021) 874. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9080874
60. [60]
  M. Melo, E. Porter, Y. Zhang, et al., Mol. Ther. 27 (2019) 2080–2090. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.007
61. [61]
  I. Mantel, B.A.A. Sadiq, J.M. Blander, Mol. Immunol. 142 (2022) 105–119. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.013
62. [62]
  L. Luo, Z. Luo, L. Wang, et al., Mol. Pharm. 20 (2023) 5668–5681. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00536
63. [63]
  D.T. O’Hagan, R. van der Most, R.N. Lodaya, M. Coccia, G. Lofano, NPJ Vaccines 6 (2021) 158. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00418-0
64. [64]
  J. Xing, X. Zhao, X. Li, et al., Front. Immunol. 16 (2025) 1557415. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1557415
65. [65]
  Z. Huang, H. Gong, Q. Sun, et al., Heliyon 10 (2024) e24662. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24662
66. [66]
  E.C. Lavelle, C.P. McEntee, Immunity 57 (2024) 772–789. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015
67. [67]
  P. Pellegrino, E. Clementi, S. Radice, Autoimmun. Rev. 14 (2015) 880–888. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.014
68. [68]
  W. Zhang, H. Cui, J. Xu, et al., J. Control. Release 378 (2025) 573–587. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.12.044
69. [69]
  G. Ott, G.L. Barchfeld, D. Chernoff, et al., Pharm. Biotechnol. 6 (1995) 277–296. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_10
70. [70]
  G. Del Giudice, R. Rappuoli, A.M. Didierlaurent, Semin. Immunol. 39 (2018) 14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.05.001
71. [71]
  S. Calabro, E. Tritto, A. Pezzotti, et al., Vaccine 31 (2013) 3363–3369. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.007
72. [72]
  Z. Guo, F. Wu, C. Guo, et al., Adv. Mater. 37 (2025) e2412627. doi: 10.1002/adma.202412627
73. [73]
  S. Peng, F. Cao, Y. Xia, et al., Adv. Mater. 32 (2020) e2004210. doi: 10.1002/adma.202004210
74. [74]
  P.T. Wong, P.H. Goff, R.J. Sun, et al., Mol. Pharm. 18 (2021) 679–698. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00315
75. [75]
  Y. Tahara, R. Mizuno, T. Nishimura, et al., Biomaterials 282 (2022) 121385. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121385
76. [76]
  B.L. Coleman, R. Sanderson, M.D.M. Haag, I. McGovern, Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 15 (2021) 813–823. doi: 10.1111/irv.12871
77. [77]
  A.L. Wilkins, D. Kazmin, G. Napolitani, et al., Front. Immunol. 8 (2017) 1760. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01760
78. [78]
  V. Schultze, V. D’Agosto, A. Wack, et al., Vaccine 26 (2008) 3209–3222. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.093
79. [79]
  D.T. O’Hagan, G.S. Ott, G.V. Nest, R. Rappuoli, G.D. Giudice, Expert. Rev. Vaccines 12 (2013) 13–30. doi: 10.1586/erv.12.140
80. [80]
  A. Podda, G. Del Giudice, Expert. Rev. Vaccines 2 (2003) 197–203. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2.2.197
81. [81]
  A.M. Harandi, Semin. Immunol. 39 (2018) 30–34. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.08.001
82. [82]
  S. Morel, A. Didierlaurent, P. Bourguignon, et al., Vaccine 29 (2011) 2461–2473. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.011
83. [83]
  T. Zhao, Y. Cai, Y. Jiang, et al., Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 8 (2023) 283. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01557-7
84. [84]
  D. Wu, S.N. Meydani, J. Leukoc. Biol. 84 (2008) 900–914. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0108023
85. [85]
  J.S. Tregoning, R.F. Russell, E. Kinnear, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 14 (2018) 550–564. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1415684
86. [86]
  A. Facciolà, G. Visalli, A. Laganà, A. Di Pietro, Vaccines 10 (2022) 819. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10050819
87. [87]
  N. Folschweiller, C. Vanden Abeele, L. Chu, et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. 22 (2022) 1062–1075. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00024-X
88. [88]
  B.J. Ward, P. Gobeil, A. Séguin, et al., Nat. Med. 27 (2021) 1071–1078. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01370-1
89. [89]
  P.M. Maharjan, S. Choe, Vaccines 9 (2021) 992. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9090992
90. [90]
  H. Nohynek, J. Jokinen, M. Partinen, et al., PLoS One 7 (2012) e33536. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033536
91. [91]
  Z. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, X. Chen, Vaccines 9 (2021) 75. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020075
92. [92]
  M.M. Melssen, C.T. Fisher, C.L. Slingluff, C.J.M. Melief, J. Immunother. Cancer 10 (2022) e004709. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004709
93. [93]
  A.P. Miles, H.A. McClellan, K.M. Rausch, et al., Vaccine 23 (2005) 2530–2539. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.049
94. [94]
  A. Slepenkin, S. Pal, A. Rasley, M.A. Coleman, L.M. de la Maza, NPJ Vaccines 9 (2024) 104. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00880-6
95. [95]
  G.A. Oliveira, K. Wetzel, J.M. Calvo-Calle, et al., Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 3587–3597. doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.6.3587-3597.2005
96. [96]
  Q. Qiu, R.Y. Wang, X. Jiao, et al., Vaccine 26 (2008) 5527–5534. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.034
97. [97]
  L.J. Peek, C.R. Middaugh, C. Berkland, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60 (2008) 915–928. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.017
98. [98]
  M. Taghizadeh, S.M. Azimi, M. Dabaghian, Arch. Razi. Inst. 78 (2023) 1843–1851.
99. [99]
  Y. Yang, Z. Fang, X. Chen, et al., Front. Pharmacol. 8 (2017) 287. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00287
100. [100]
  Y. Pan, S. Liu, H. Zhao, et al., Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 310 (2025) 143268. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143268
101. [101]
  S.R. Makinen, Q. Zhu, H.L. Davis, R.D. Weeratna, Int. Immunol. 28 (2016) 453–461. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxw017
102. [102]
  J.K. Tom, T.J. Albin, S. Manna, et al., Trends Biotechnol. 37 (2019) 373–388. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.004
103. [103]
  J.A. Kulkarni, M.M. Darjuan, J.E. Mercer, et al., ACS Nano 12 (2018) 4787–4795. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01516
104. [104]
  Y.N. Lamb, Drugs 81 (2021) 495–501. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01480-7
105. [105]
  L. Schoenmaker, D. Witzigmann, J.A. Kulkarni, et al., Int. J. Pharm. 601 (2021) 120586. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120586
106. [106]
  C. Zhang, Y.F. Ma, J.J. Zhang, et al., Molecules 27 (2022) 1943. doi: 10.3390/molecules27061943
107. [107]
  F.P. Polack, S.J. Thomas, N. Kitchin, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 383 (2020) 2603–2615. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2034577
108. [108]
  R. Verbeke, I. Lentacker, S.C. De Smedt, H. Dewitte, J. Control. Release 333 (2021) 511–520. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.043
109. [109]
  G.T. Rijkers, N. Weterings, A. Obregon-Henao, et al., Vaccines 9 (2021) 848. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9080848
110. [110]
  C.L. Lorentzen, J.B. Haanen, O. Met, I.M. Svane, Lancet Oncol. 23 (2022) E450–E458. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00372-2
111. [111]
  T. Fiolet, Y. Kherabi, C.J. MacDonald, J. Ghosn, N. Peiffer-Smadja, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28 (2022) 202–221. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005
112. [112]
  J. Gilleron, W. Querbes, A. Zeigerer, et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (2013) 638–646. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2612
113. [113]
  Y.H. Wang, L. Huang, Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (2013) 610–611. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3052
114. [114]
  S. Yoo, M. Faisal, S.H. Bae, et al., Adv. Healthc. Mater. 14 (2025) e2403366. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202403366
115. [115]
  W. Dong, Z.B. Li, T.L. Hou, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 15085–15095. doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c00451
116. [116]
  Y.B. Zhang, J.Y. Yan, X.C. Hou, et al., Nano Lett. 23 (2023) 2593–2600. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04883
117. [117]
  S.H. Bae, S. Yoo, J. Lee, et al., Bioact. Mater. 38 (2024) 486–498.
118. [118]
  F. Liang, G. Lindgren, A. Lin, et al., Mol. Ther. 25 (2017) 2635–2647. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.006
119. [119]
  L. Miao, L.X. Li, Y.X. Huang, et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 37 (2019) 1174–1185. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0247-3
120. [120]
  E. Borsic, T.Z. Ramuta, S. Orehek, et al., Nat. Commun. 16 (2025) 4887. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60277-4
121. [121]
  Y.Z. Zhou, Z. Gao, Z.P. He, et al., Sci. China Mater. 68 (2025) 2545–2557. doi: 10.1007/s40843-025-3404-8
122. [122]
  M. Belabed, M.D. Park, C.M. Blouin, et al., Nat. Immunol. 26 (2025) 188–199. doi: 10.1038/s41590-024-02065-8
123. [123]
  X.X. Han, M.G. Alameh, K. Butowska, et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 18 (2023) 1105–1114. doi: 10.1038/s41565-023-01404-4
124. [124]
  S. Kimura, H. Harashima, J. Control. Release 362 (2023) 797–811. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.052
125. [125]
  Y.L. Yu, M.Y. Wang, X.A. Zhang, et al., Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 6 (2021) 346. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00759-1
126. [126]
  J.Q. Lei, S.L. Qi, X.Y. Yu, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63 (2024) e202318515. doi: 10.1002/anie.202318515
127. [127]
  Y.M. Cao, J.R. Long, H.S. Sun, et al., Adv. Sci. 10 (2023) e2302423. doi: 10.1002/advs.202302423
128. [128]
  D. Ariawan, J. van Eersel, A.D. Martin, Y.D. Ke, L.M. Ittner, Biomater. Sci. 10 (2022) 4037–4057. doi: 10.1039/d2bm00061j
129. [129]
  W.G. Zeng, A.C.L. Tan, K. Horrocks, D.C. Jackson, Vaccine 33 (2015) 3526–3532. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.053
130. [130]
  W.X. Bao, Y.W. Zhang, C. Shang, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 507 (2025) 160670. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.160670
131. [131]
  S. Brusco, G. Conte, A. Corteggio, et al., Adv. Healthc. Mater. 13 (2024) e2402688. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202402688
132. [132]
  G. Conte, G. Costabile, D. Baldassi, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 7565–7578. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c14975
133. [133]
  Y.Y. Zhang, X.Y. Zhuang, Y.Y. Hu, et al., Biomacromolecules 25 (2024) 4281–4291. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00365
134. [134]
  X. Liu, Q. Min, Y. Li, S. Chen, Biomater. Res. 28 (2024) 0096. doi: 10.34133/bmr.0096
135. [135]
  Z. Li, X.Q. Zhang, W. Ho, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 (2022) 2204462. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202204462
136. [136]
  M. Cabibbo, C. Scialabba, E.F. Craparo, et al., Biomacromolecules 26 (2024) 163–177.
137. [137]
  M. Maeki, S. Uno, K. Sugiura, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 (2023) 2110–2119.
138. [138]
  S.Q. Yuhong Jiang, Canquan Mao, Acta Pharm. Sin. B 15 (2025) 1796–1815. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2025.03.006
139. [139]
  H.P. Feng, N. Nakajima, L. Wu, et al., Front. Microbiol. 10 (2019) 2157. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02157
140. [140]
  R.N. Coler, T.A. Day, R. Ellis, et al., NPJ Vaccines 3 (2018) 34. doi: 10.1038/s41541-018-0057-5
141. [141]
  Y. Miao, L. Li, Y. Wang, et al., Nat. Commun. 15 (2024) 1159. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45254-7
142. [142]
  J. Guo, M. Gu, Y. Chen, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 36 (2025) 110849. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110849
143. [143]
  P. Reus, H. Guthmann, N. Uhlig, et al., J. Control. Release 364 (2023) 654–671. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.050
144. [144]
  K. Lv, Z. Yu, J. Wang, et al., Adv. Sci. 11 (2024) e2404684. doi: 10.1002/advs.202404684
145. [145]
  V. Dasari, L.K. McNeil, K. Beckett, et al., Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 4371. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39770-1
146. [146]
  J. Yi, X. Lei, F. Guo, et al., Antiviral Res. 215 (2023) 105618. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105618
147. [147]
  R. Zhang, Y. Fu, M. Cheng, et al., Mol. Ther. 30 (2022) 2078–2091. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.009
148. [148]
  B. Yang, J. Nie, A. Guo, et al., Acta Biomater. 183 (2024) 330–340. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.050
149. [149]
  C.P. Arevalo, M.J. Bolton, V. Le Sage, et al., Science (1979) 378 (2022) 899–904. doi: 10.1126/science.abm0271
150. [150]
  C.M. Kackos, J. DeBeauchamp, C.J.H. Davitt, et al., NPJ Vaccines 8 (2023) 157. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00752-5
151. [151]
  A. Costa, X. Xu, M. Khan, D. Burgess, Pharm. Res. 33 (2016) 404–416. doi: 10.1007/s11095-015-1798-8
152. [152]
  F. Yanar, A. Mosayyebi, C. Nastruzzi, D. Carugo, X. Zhang, Pharmaceutics 12 (2020) 1001. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111001
153. [153]
  M. Evers, J. Kulkarni, R. van der Meel, et al., Small Methods 2 (2018) 1700375. doi: 10.1002/smtd.201700375
154. [154]
  T. Allen, P. Cullis, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65 (2013) 36–48. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.037
155. [155]
  K. Lemdani, R. Marlin, C. Mayet, et al., NPJ Vaccines 9 (2024) 113. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00900-5
156. [156]
  WHO, Management of cold chain for vaccines and safe-injection equipment: Guidelines for primary-health-care facilities (2015) https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204442.
157. [157]
  FDA, Guidance for Industry: Q1A(R2) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (2003) https://www.fda.gov/media/71707/download.
1. [1]
  Jiaxin Guo , Yongyi Xie , Muhammad Waqqas Hasan , Yongcheng Zhu , You Zhou , Zhengfeng Li , Wenjie Chen . Advances in mucosal vaccines: Design strategies for antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(3): 111213-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111213
2. [2]
  Haoran Xu , Jiaqi Fan , Jiwei Liu , Qi Wei , Ruoshui Li , Pengcheng Yuan , Bing Xiao , Ying Piao , Wenjing Sun , Jiajia Xiang , Shiqun Shao , Zhuxian Zhou , Youqing Shen , Nigel K.H. Slater , Jianbin Tang . Tetra-branched ionizable lipids enhance the stability and transfection efficiency of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(11): 110833-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110833
3. [3]
  Luyu Zhang , Zirong Dong , Shuai Yu , Guangyue Li , Weiwen Kong , Wenjuan Liu , Haisheng He , Yi Lu , Wei Wu , Jianping Qi . Ionic liquid-based in situ dynamically self-assembled cationic lipid nanocomplexes (CLNs) for enhanced intranasal siRNA delivery. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109101-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109101
4. [4]
  Yeqi Huang , Yue Gao , Yuxin Lin , Yihao Li , Si Xiong , Xia Guo , Chuanbin Wu , Xin Pan , Wenhao Wang , Ziyu Zhao , Zhengwei Huang . “Connect” or “drag”? The impact of physiologically relevant inorganic ion pairs on the protein corona adsorption onto liposomes. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(2): 111014-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111014
5. [5]
  Lu Li , Suticha Chunta , Xianzi Zheng , Haisheng He , Wei Wu , Yi Lu . β-Lactoglobulin stabilized lipid nanoparticles enhance oral absorption of insulin by slowing down lipolysis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108662-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108662
6. [6]
  Cheng Huang , Wanqin Zeng , Kunhong Zhong , Xing Duan , Yi Liu , Qingqing Tian , Liangxue Zhou , Yuelong Wang , Chunlai Nie , Aiping Tong . A novel ionizable lipid nanoparticle platform for circular RNA-encoded PD-L1×CD3 bispecific antibodies elicits potent antitumor immunity. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(8): 112322-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112322
7. [7]
  Haozhi Lei , Qian Xia , Xiqiu Wang , Yang Sun , Weihong Tan . Simulation of immune signal transduction through DNA strand displacement. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(12): 110941-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110941
8. [8]
  Xue Ma , Anning Li , Zhiliang Gao , Ning Wang , Mengqi Li , Kanaparedu P.C. Sekhar , Muthupandian Ashokkumar , Shumei Zhai , Jiwei Cui , Qun Yu . Vaccination of STING agonists-loaded nanoemulsions for cancer immunotherapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(6): 111410-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111410
9. [9]
  Jialin Guo , Mingrui Gu , Yahui Chen , Tao Xiong , Yiyang Zhang , Simin Chen , Mingle Li , Xiaoqiang Chen , Xiaojun Peng . Nucleic acid delivery by lipid nanoparticles for organ targeting. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(11): 110849-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110849
10. [10]
  Linghui Zou , Meng Cheng , Kaili Hu , Jianfang Feng , Liangxing Tu . Vesicular drug delivery systems for oral absorption enhancement. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109129-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109129
11. [11]
  Li Yang , Yuhong Gong , Liqing Mo , Ting Zhu , Yingxuan Dai , Xinrui Hu , Yuxi Zhu , Yi Zhao , Jianhua He . Drug delivery systems for the treatment of venous thrombosis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(9): 111983-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111983
12. [12]
  Wen Xiao , Fazhan Wang , Yangzhuo Gu , Xi He , Na Fan , Qian Zheng , Shugang Qin , Zhongshan He , Yuquan Wei , Xiangrong Song . PEG400-mediated nanocarriers improve the delivery and therapeutic efficiency of mRNA tumor vaccines. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108755-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108755
13. [13]
  Yuhua Ma , Jiayuan Zhang , Yonghui Duan , Ziyu Zhang , Runtong Zhang , Zuhai Lei , Ben Shi , Yi Lu , Wei Wu , Haisheng He . Bergenin lipid prodrug nanoparticles: Synthesis, enhanced oral bioavailability, and mechanistic studies. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(7): 112134-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112134
14. [14]
  Xiying Wu , Anze Liu , Yuzhong Yan , Ying Lu , Huan Wang . Folic acid ameliorates the immunogenicity of PEGylated liposomes. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(6): 110285-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110285
15. [15]
  Hanyong Wang , Weijia Zhang , Chenlu Huang , Xinyu Yang , Qingyu Yu , Hai Wang , Wen Li , Linhua Zhang , Dunwan Zhu . Personalized tumor vaccines based on carrier-free double-adjuvant nanoparticles and tumor-associated antigens for enhancing immune responses. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(7): 111092-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111092
16. [16]
  Yan Zou , Yuting Xue , Chenxue Du , Wenyang Fu , Bin Xia , Yu He , Liang Ao , Xiaoshu Lv , Guangming Jiang . Anhydrous sodium sulfate microparticles for efficient water separation from surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(11): 110814-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110814
17. [17]
  Yujie Li , Ya-Nan Wang , Yin-Gen Luo , Hongcai Yang , Jinrui Ren , Xiao Li . Advances in synthetic biology-based drug delivery systems for disease treatment. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109576-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109576
18. [18]
  Jing Feng , Yanhong Liu , Liming Gong , Chenfei Liu , Congcong Xiao , Liqing Chen , Mingji Jin , Zhonggao Gao , Wei Huang , Yubo Li . Recent progress on drug delivery systems of regulating intratumoral bacteria for tumor therapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(11): 110907-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110907
19. [19]
  Yan Yu , Cailing Gan , Kun Shi , Zhongwu Bei , Yang Yu , Meng Pan , Hanzhi Deng , Zhiyong Qian . Recent advances in drug delivery systems for pulmonary fibrosis therapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(1): 111596-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111596
20. [20]
  Yiyao Wan , Wen Chen , Yan Yu , Meng Pan , Kun Shi , Zhiyong Qian . Biomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the therapy of malignant pleural effusion. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(1): 111513-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111513

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(8)
HTML views(0)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142