Citation: Fei Li, Yibin Sun, Bao Li, Siyuan Xu, Shuangyu Wu, Lixin Wu, Guanglu Wu. Portal-directed assembly of 2D cucurbituril-polyoxometalate hybrids toward synergistic photothermal catalysis[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(8): 112034. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.112034 shu

Portal-directed assembly of 2D cucurbituril-polyoxometalate hybrids toward synergistic photothermal catalysis

State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

yibinsun@jlu.edu.cn

wulx@jlu.edu.cn

guanglu@jlu.edu.cn

Received Date: 8 August 2025
Revised Date: 20 October 2025
Accepted Date: 29 October 2025
Available Online: 29 October 2025

Figures(4)

Precise control over the dimensionality and morphology of supramolecular assemblies remains a key challenge in hybrid material design. Here we report a directional assembly strategy that exploits synergistic portal-specific hydrogen bonding and ion–dipole interactions between cucurbit[5]uril (CB[5]) and an Anderson-type polyoxometalate (POM) functionalized with terminal protonated amines. This tailored interaction drives the formation of elongated two-dimensional hybrid sheets with spatial confinement and anisotropic growth. The resulting CB[5]-NH₂POM hybrids exhibit high thermal stability and surface-accessible CB[5] units, enabling hierarchical integration with gold nanorods (AuNRs). These AuNRs@CB[5]-NH₂POM hybrids demonstrate efficient photothermal conversion (37.8%) and enable near-quantitative catalytic conversion (>99%) in NIR-triggered sulfide oxidation. Comparative controls confirm the critical role of CB[5]-mediated portal interactions in both structural definition and functional performance. This study highlights a transferable supramolecular design principle for dimensional control and modular interface engineering, offering a promising platform for developing adaptive hybrid materials in photothermal catalysis and related applications.
- Cucurbit[n]urils,
- Polyoxometalates,
- Hybrids,
- Dimensional control,
- Photothermal catalysis
1. [1]
  M. Yamaguchi, K. Shioya, C. Li, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 4549–4556. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c11394
2. [2]
  F. Hoffmann, M. Cornelius, J. Morell, M. Fröba, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 3216–3251. doi: 10.1002/anie.200503075
3. [3]
  Y.F. Liu, C.W. Hu, G.P. Yang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 34 (2023) 108097. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108097
4. [4]
  C. Lian, S.H. Zhao, H.L. Li, X. Cao, Chin. Chem. Lett. 35 (2024) 109343. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109343
5. [5]
  P. Wu, Y. Wang, B. Huang, Z. Xiao, Nanoscale 13 (2021) 7119–7133. doi: 10.1039/d1nr00397f
6. [6]
  X.J. Wang, B. Yin, L.R. Jiang, et al., Science 381 (2023) 784–790. doi: 10.1126/science.adh2365
7. [7]
  D.M. Cheng, B. Li, S. Sun, et al., CCS Chem. 3 (2020) 1649–1658.
8. [8]
  K. Zhou, B.Y. Qi, Z.W. Liu, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2411671. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202411671
9. [9]
  B. Li, X.Z. Duan, D.M. Cheng, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145 (2023) 2243–2251. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c10225
10. [10]
  J.S. Huang, Y.B. Yuan, Y.C. Shao, Y.F. Yan, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 (2017) 17042. doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.42
11. [11]
  D. Pakulski, A. Gorczyński, D. Brykczyńska, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (2023) e202305239. doi: 10.1002/anie.202305239
12. [12]
  L. Liu, J. Huang, M. Zhang, et al., Small 21 (2025) 2504372. doi: 10.1002/smll.202504372
13. [13]
  H. Lian, X.Z. Cheng, H.T. Hao, et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 51 (2022) 1926–1982. doi: 10.1039/d0cs00569j
14. [14]
  J. Chen, S. Yao, B. Wang, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202416759. doi: 10.1002/anie.202416759
15. [15]
  J.V. Barth, G. Costantini, K. Kern, Nature 437 (2005) 671–679. doi: 10.1038/nature04166
16. [16]
  Q.D. Liu, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (2023) e202217764. doi: 10.1002/anie.202217764
17. [17]
  M. Dreher, P.M. Dombrowski, M.W. Tripp, et al., Nat. Commun. 14 (2023) 1554. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37203-7
18. [18]
  T. Govindaraju, M.B. Avinash, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 6102–6117. doi: 10.1039/c2nr31167d
19. [19]
  J. Luo, X. Sun, J.F. Yin, P. Yin, T. Liu, Giant 2 (2020) 100013. doi: 10.1016/j.giant.2020.100013
20. [20]
  I. Insua, J. Bergueiro, A. Méndez-Ardoy, I. Lostalé-Seijo, J. Montenegro, Chem. Sci. 13 (2022) 3057–3068. doi: 10.1039/d1sc05667k
21. [21]
  D.P. August, R.A.W. Dryfe, S.J. Haigh, et al., Nature 588 (2020) 429–435. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-3019-9
22. [22]
  R. Chakrabarty, P.S. Mukherjee, P.J. Stang, Chem. Rev. 111 (2011) 6810–6918. doi: 10.1021/cr200077m
23. [23]
  F.H. Zhang, H.Y. Li, Z. Li, Q.D. Liu, X. Wang, Nat. Synth. 3 (2024) 1039–1048. doi: 10.1038/s44160-024-00569-7
24. [24]
  Z. He, J. Su, Y.T. Wang, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 (2024) 19998–20008. doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c03730
25. [25]
  X.C. Li, H.M. Zhang, L.F. Chi, Adv. Mater. 31 (2019) 1804087. doi: 10.1002/adma.201804087
26. [26]
  Z.X. Liu, Y. Liu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 51 (2022) 4786–4827. doi: 10.1039/d1cs00821h
27. [27]
  Y. Wu, E. Liu, C. Shi, J.F. Stoddart, CCS Chem. 7 (2025) 1935–1971. doi: 10.31635/ccschem.025.202505711
28. [28]
  R. Kumar, A. Sharma, H. Singh, et al., Chem. Rev. 119 (2019) 9657–9721. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00605
29. [29]
  T. Ogoshi, T. Yamagishi, Y. Nakamoto, Chem. Rev. 116 (2016) 7937–8002. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00765
30. [30]
  H.G. Nie, Z. Wei, X.L. Ni, Y. Liu, Chem. Rev. 122 (2022) 9032–9077. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01050
31. [31]
  Y. Sun, H. Fang, X. Lin, et al., CCS Chem. 4 (2021) 557–565.
32. [32]
  Z.C. Liu, S.K.M. Nalluri, J.F. Stoddart, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 2459–2478. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00185A
33. [33]
  J. Murray, K. Kim, T. Ogoshi, W. Yao, B.C. Gibb, Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 (2017) 2479–2496. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00095B
34. [34]
  M.T. Pope, A. Müller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 30 (1991) 34–48. doi: 10.1002/anie.199100341
35. [35]
  N.I. Gumerova, A. Rompel, Nat. Rev. Chem. 2 (2018) 0112. doi: 10.1038/s41570-018-0112
36. [36]
  L.P. Cui, S. Zhang, Y. Zhao, et al., Nat. Commun. 16 (2025) 3674. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58622-8
37. [37]
  M. Remmers, B. Mashtakov, S. Repp, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202418864. doi: 10.1002/anie.202418864
38. [38]
  Y.Y. Wang, Z.H. Yu, J. Xiong, K. Yan, X.B. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 34 (2024) 2405880. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202405880
39. [39]
  Y. Huang, R.H. Gao, M. Liu, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 (2021) 15166–15191. doi: 10.1002/anie.202002666
40. [40]
  K. Grzhegorzhevskii, M. Haouas, M. Lion, et al., Chem. Commun. 59 (2023) 86–89. doi: 10.1039/d2cc05193a
41. [41]
  X.K. Fang, P. Kögerler, L. Isaacs, S. Uchida, N. Mizuno, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 432–433. doi: 10.1021/ja807751b
42. [42]
  S. Khlifi, J. Marrot, M. Haouas, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 (2022) 4469–4477. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c12049
43. [43]
  Y.L. Wu, R.F. Shi, Y.L. Wu, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 4111–4118. doi: 10.1021/ja511713c
44. [44]
  G. Yang, Y.C. Wu, Z.X. Lv, et al., Chem. Commun. 59 (2023) 788–791. doi: 10.1039/d2cc05904e
45. [45]
  C. Falaise, M.A. Moussawi, S. Floquet, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 (2018) 11198–11201. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b07525
46. [46]
  W.M. Guan, G.X. Wang, B. Li, L.X. Wu, Coord. Chem. Rev. 481 (2023) 215039. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215039
47. [47]
  Y. Ishii, Y. Takenaka, K. Konishi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 2702–2705. doi: 10.1002/anie.200453693
48. [48]
  Y.M. Nie, L. Cao, W. Xia, et al., Inorg. Chem. Commun. 130 (2021) 108706. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108706
49. [49]
  J. Lü, J.X. Lin, M.N. Cao, R. Cao, Coord. Chem. Rev. 257 (2013) 1334–1356. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.12.014
50. [50]
  Y. Fan, J. Tan, C. Zou, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 36 (2025) 110101. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110101
51. [51]
  X.L. Ni, X. Xiao, H. Cong, et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 47 (2014) 1386–1395. doi: 10.1021/ar5000133
52. [52]
  W.J. Wang, X.Q. Wang, J. Cao, et al., Chem. Commun. 54 (2018) 2098–2101. doi: 10.1039/c7cc08078f
53. [53]
  B.X. Han, C.Z. Wang, K. Chen, et al., CrystEngComm 16 (2014) 1615–1619. doi: 10.1039/c3ce42063a
54. [54]
  B.X. Han, C.Z. Wang, Y. Zhao, et al., Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2014 (2014) 831–835. doi: 10.1002/ejic.201301111
55. [55]
  X. Xia, W.W. Ge, H.Y. Chen, et al., New J. Chem. 43 (2019) 10297–10304. doi: 10.1039/c9nj01116a
56. [56]
  W. Xia, Y.M. Nie, N. Lei, et al., Inorg. Chim. Acta 523 (2021) 120418. doi: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120418
57. [57]
  J. Lü, J.X. Lin, X.L. Zhao, R. Cao, Chem. Commun. 48 (2012) 669–671. doi: 10.1039/C1CC16268C
58. [58]
  L.W. Han, J.X. Lin, Q. Yin, et al., Cryst. Growth Des. 16 (2016) 1213–1217. doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01176
59. [59]
  H.L. Cao, F.Y. Cai, H.B. Huang, B. Karadeniz, J. Lü, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 84 (2017) 164–167. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.08.021
60. [60]
  M.J. Wei, H.Y. Zang, E.L. Zhou, et al., Dalton Trans. 45 (2016) 4989–4992. doi: 10.1039/C6DT00496B
61. [61]
  M.L. Xu, X.Y. Ao, C.C. Song, et al., Inorg. Chem. Front. 11 (2024) 1117–1122. doi: 10.1039/d3qi02278a
62. [62]
  S. Li, W. Xia, Y.Q. Zhang, Z. Tao, New J. Chem. 44 (2020) 11895–11900. doi: 10.1039/d0nj01755h
63. [63]
  P.R. Marcoux, B. Hasenknopf, J. Vaissermann, P. Gouzerh, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003 (2003) 2406–2412. doi: 10.1002/ejic.200200677
64. [64]
  J.W. Zhang, Y.C. Huang, G. Li, Y.G. Wei, Coord. Chem. Rev. 378 (2019) 395–414. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.025
65. [65]
  M. Cao, J. Lin, J. Lü, et al., J. Hazard. Mater. 186 (2011) 948–951. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.119
66. [66]
  S. Irle, T.M. Krygowski, J.E. Niu, W.H.E. Schwarz, J. Org. Chem. 60 (1995) 6744–6755. doi: 10.1021/jo00126a025
67. [67]
  O. Exner, T.M. Krygowski, Chem. Soc. Rev. 25 (1996) 71–75. doi: 10.1039/cs9962500071
68. [68]
  Q. An, G.T. Li, C.A. Tao, et al., Chem. Commun. (2008) 1989–1991. doi: 10.1039/b719927a
69. [69]
  T.C. Lee, O.A. Scherman, Chem. Eur. J. 18 (2012) 1628–1633. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102675
70. [70]
  S.T. Jones, R.W. Taylor, R. Esteban, et al., Small 10 (2014) 4298–4303. doi: 10.1002/smll.201401063
71. [71]
  A.N. Shipway, M. Lahav, R. Gabai, I. Willner, Langmuir 16 (2000) 8789–8795. doi: 10.1021/la000316k
72. [72]
  S.K. Ghosh, T. Pal, Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 4797–4862. doi: 10.1021/cr0680282
73. [73]
  G.X. Wang, X.F. Chen, B. Li, L.X. Wu, Inorg. Chem. Front. 10 (2023) 1852–1862. doi: 10.1039/d2qi02765h
74. [74]
  K. Xia, T. Yatabe, K. Yonesato, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (2022) e202205873. doi: 10.1002/anie.202205873
75. [75]
  H.L. Jia, A.X. Du, H. Zhang, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 (2019) 5083–5086. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b13062
76. [76]
  M.C. Carreno, Chem. Rev. 95 (1995) 1717–1760. doi: 10.1021/cr00038a002
77. [77]
  K. Kaczorowska, Z. Kolarska, K. Mitka, P. Kowalski, Tetrahedron 61 (2005) 8315–8327. doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.044
78. [78]
  E. Skolia, P.L. Gkizis, C.G. Kokotos, ChemPlusChem 87 (2022) e202200008. doi: 10.1002/cplu.202200008
79. [79]
  S. Yan, L. Qiao, L. Chen, W.J. Guo, H.Q. Peng, Smart Mol. (2025) e20250003.
80. [80]
  S. Caron, R.W. Dugger, S.G. Ruggeri, J.A. Ragan, D.H.B. Ripin, Chem. Rev. 106 (2006) 2943–2989. doi: 10.1021/cr040679f
81. [81]
  C. Jacob, Nat. Prod. Rep. 23 (2006) 851–863. doi: 10.1039/b609523m
82. [82]
  Y.M. Li, S.A.E.A. Rizvi, D.Q. Hu, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58 (2019) 13499–13506. doi: 10.1002/anie.201906080
1. [1]
  Xia Gao , Shuaikang Sang , Enquan Zhu , Lihua Cai , Chang Liu , Ferdi Karadas , Chao Zhang , Jingxiang Low , Yujie Xiong . Highly dispersed Ni–O site on Ni catalysts for efficient and durable light-driven dry reforming of CH4 at ambient conditions. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2025, 44(5): 100570-100570. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100570
2. [2]
  Tiantian Gong , Yanan Chen , Shuo Wang , Miao Wang , Junwei Zhao . Rigid-flexible-ligand-ornamented lanthanide-incorporated selenotungstates and photoluminescence properties. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(9): 100370-100370. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100370
3. [3]
  Tengteng Wang , Yiming Ju , Yao Cheng , Haiyang Wang , Dejin Zang . Recent advances in polyoxometalates based strategies for green synthesis of drugs. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 109871-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109871
4. [4]
  Tingting Liu , Pengfei Sun , Wei Zhao , Yingshuang Li , Lujun Cheng , Jiahai Fan , Xiaohui Bi , Xiaoping Dong . Magnesium doping to improve the light to heat conversion of OMS-2 for formaldehyde oxidation under visible light irradiation. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108813-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108813
5. [5]
  Jinshu Huang , Zhuochun Huang , Tengyu Liu , Yu Wen , Jili Yuan , Song Yang , Hu Li . Modulating single-atom Co and oxygen vacancy coupled motif for selective photodegradation of glyphosate wastewater to circumvent toxicant residue. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 110179-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110179
6. [6]
  Boyuan Hu , Jian Zhang , Yulin Yang , Yayu Dong , Jiaqi Wang , Wei Wang , Kaifeng Lin , Debin Xia . Dual-functional POM@IL complex modulate hole transport layer properties and interfacial charge dynamics for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 108933-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108933
7. [7]
  Chen Lian , Si-Han Zhao , Hai-Lou Li , Xinhua Cao . A giant Ce-containing poly(tungstobismuthate): Synthesis, structure and catalytic performance for the decontamination of a sulfur mustard simulant. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109343-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109343
8. [8]
  Guoping Yang , Zhoufu Lin , Xize Zhang , Jiawei Cao , Xuejiao Chen , Yufeng Liu , Xiaoling Lin , Ke Li . Assembly of Y(Ⅲ)-containing antimonotungstates induced by malic acid with catalytic activity for the synthesis of imidazoles. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 110274-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110274
9. [9]
  Zhihan Chang , Yuchen Zhang , Yuan Tian , Xiuli Wang . Achieving high-proportioned 1T-MoS₂ within heterostructures derived from polymolybdate-based complex for boosting electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(8): 110197-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110197
10. [10]
  Hanhan Chen , Yahao Sun , Mingyang Zhang , Pengtao Ma , Jingping Wang , Jingyang Niu . Self-assembly of cis-trans Ta/W mixed-addendum POMs based on hexalacunary [H₂P₂W₁₂O₄₈]¹²⁻ building blocks. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(9): 110329-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110329
11. [11]
  Yang Chu , Xiao-Hui Li , Zhong Zhang , Na Xu , Dan-Feng He , Xiu-Li Wang . Size regulation from single-crystal to nanoscale of a polyoxometalate-based Cu-triazole complex for catalytic oxidation reaction of phenols. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(6): 111012-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111012
12. [12]
  Yayu Dong , Jinghan Hao , Yingcai Wang , Xiaohong Cao , Zhimin Dong , Zhibin Zhang , Yunhai Liu . Recent advances in polyoxometalate-based functional materials for sustainable remediation of radionuclide and heavy metal pollution. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(7): 111564-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111564
13. [13]
  Li-Min Cui , Wei-Hui Fang , Jian Zhang . Polyoxometalates containing aluminum atoms. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110386-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110386
14. [14]
  Jianan Hong , Chenyu Xu , Yan Liu , Changqi Li , Menglin Wang , Yanwei Zhang . Decoding the interfacial competition between hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction via edge-active-site modulation in photothermal catalysis. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(9): 100099-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100099
15. [15]
  Lin Zhang , Chaoran Li , Thongthai Witoon , Xingda An , Le He . Nano-thermometry in photothermal catalysis. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2025, 44(4): 100456-100456. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100456
16. [16]
  Feng Lin , Zhongxin Jin , Caiying Li , Cheng Shao , Yang Xu , Fangze Li , Siqi Liu , Ruining Gu . Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Nickel Foam-Supported Ni(OH)₂-NiMoO₄ Electrode Material. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(10): 225-232. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412017
17. [17]
  Huipeng Zhao , Xiaoqiang Du . Polyoxometalates as the redox anolyte for efficient conversion of biomass to formic acid. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 100246-100246. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100246
18. [18]
  Jing Guo , Jianzhong Ma , Junli Liu , Guanjie Huang , Xiaoting Zhou , Francesco Parrino , Riccardo Ceccato , Leonardo Palmisano , Boon-Junn Ng , Lutfi Kurnianditia Putri , Huaxing Li , Rongjie Li , Gang Liu , Yang Wang , Nikolay Kornienko , Shan-Shan Zhu , Zhenwei Zhang , Xiaoming Liu , Nur Atika Nikma Dahlan , Siang-Piao Chai , Jianmin Ma . Two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis roadmap towards 2030. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(9): 110988-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110988
19. [19]
  Pei-Pei Liu , Jia-Bin Xing , Yue-Yang Liu , Ke Feng , Hui Wang , Dan-Wei Zhang , Wei Zhou , Gang Zhao , Jiaheng Zhang , Zhan-Ting Li . Sulfonatoproxylated cucurbit[7]urils as highly water-soluble and biocompatible excipients for solubilizing poorly soluble drugs and improving the bioavailability of indomethacin. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(9): 110831-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110831
20. [20]
  Haoyuan Qin , Lijing Wang , Yuanhao Tang , Weilong Shi , Changyu Lu . Modulating charge kinetics in CDs/CTF S-scheme hybrids for enhanced H₂O₂ photosynthesis. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2026, 45(4): 100858-100858. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100858

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(18)
HTML views(0)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142