Citation: Zhiyu Shao, Shaohua Wang, Haijia Yu, Diyang Shan, Zhiyu Tang, Yihang Fu, Jianshi Du, Jianhua Liu, Keke Huang. The applied progress and prospects of sub-nanometer high-entropy materials in the fields of electrocatalysis and biomedicine: Review and outlook[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(8): 111910. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111910 shu

The applied progress and prospects of sub-nanometer high-entropy materials in the fields of electrocatalysis and biomedicine: Review and outlook

Zhiyu Shao ^{b, 1} ,
Shaohua Wang ^{a, 1} ,
Haijia Yu ^c ,
Diyang Shan ^a ,
Zhiyu Tang ^a ,
Yihang Fu ^d ,
Jianshi Du ^{b, *,} ,
Jianhua Liu ^{c, *,} ,
Keke Huang ^{a, *,}

a.
State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Solid Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
b.
China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
c.
Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
d.
Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States

dujs@jlu.edu.cn

jian_hua@jlu.edu.cn

kkhuang@jlu.edu.cn

Received Date: 3 August 2025
Revised Date: 18 September 2025
Accepted Date: 27 September 2025
Available Online: 29 September 2025

Figures(8)

Sub-nanometer high-entropy materials (HEMs) have opened new pathways in electrocatalysis and biomedicine, leveraging their tunable composition, ultrahigh specific surface area, abundant active sites, and multi-element synergy. In electrocatalysis, their highly disordered multi-element structures significantly enhance the intrinsic activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), while their unique "cocktail effect" enables precise electronic structure modulation. For biomedical applications, their ultrasmall size facilitates cellular uptake and tissue penetration. Simultaneously, their multi-element composition endows them with multifunctionality, including photothermal/photodynamic/catalytic/magnetic therapy, multimodal imaging, and drug delivery, while also optimizing biocompatibility and reducing toxicity. However, challenges remain in the precise synthesis and mechanistic understanding of sub-nanometer HEMs, hindering their development for next-generation high-performance electrocatalysts and intelligent theranostic platforms. In this review, we comprehensively explore the composition-structure design principles of HEMs, with a focus on the multifunctional properties achieved by small sizes, particularly in the sub-nano range, and their applications in electrocatalysis and biomedicine. Additionally, this paper prospectively discusses emerging strategies that may drive the future development of HEMs, with particular emphasis on the application potential of sub-nanometer HEMs.
- High entropy materials,
- Sub-nanometer,
- Electrocatalyst,
- Biomedical materials,
- Nanostructure
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