Citation: Yan Qiao, Yanan Wang, Mengfan Li, Dun Li, Wenchuan Lai, Hongwen Huang. Mitigating the carbonate issues in electrochemical CO₂ reduction: Fundamental understanding and design strategies[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(5): 111861. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111861 shu

Mitigating the carbonate issues in electrochemical CO₂ reduction: Fundamental understanding and design strategies

Yan Qiao ^a ,
Yanan Wang ^a ,
Mengfan Li ^a ,
Dun Li ^a ,
Wenchuan Lai ^{b, *,} ,
Hongwen Huang ^{a, c, d, *,}

a.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
b.
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
c.
Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Provincial Lab for Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
d.
Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen 518055, China

laiwenchuan@nnu.edu.cn

huanghw@hnu.edu.cn

Received Date: 5 March 2025
Revised Date: 14 July 2025
Accepted Date: 17 September 2025
Available Online: 18 September 2025

Figures(10)

The electrochemical CO₂ reduction (CO₂R) holds the potential to manufacture carbon-based chemicals and fuels while advancing toward carbon neutrality. On the path to achieving practical CO₂R, a significant challenge lies in the formation of carbonate salts due to the interplay between CO₂, local alkalinity and metal cations. The carbonate issue leads to the wastage of CO₂ reactant, thus resulting in low carbon utilization efficiency and high costs for carbonate regeneration. Additionally, such salt formation can threaten the operation stability of the CO₂R in electrolyzers equipped with gas diffusion electrodes (GDE). These challenges motivate us to conduct the present review, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding and propose solution strategies for the carbonate problem. We start from the mechanism insights into carbonate formation with specific analysis on the kinetics of carbonate formation, mass transfer process, and the influence of interfacial pH, followed by the exposition of advanced techniques to monitor the carbonate accumulation. Next, the design strategies to solve the carbonate problem including the optimization of electrolyte, electrode, membranes and operation conditions, are presented, with a highlight on acidic CO₂ electrolysis system without introducing metal cations into electrolyte systems. We finally end up by offering future opportunities in this evolving field. These timely and inspiring perspectives can guide researchers in addressing carbonate-related issues and advance CO₂R toward practical feasibility.
- Electrochemical CO₂ reduction,
- Carbonate issues,
- Fundamental insight,
- Addressing strategy,
- Operation conditions
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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Mitigating the carbonate issues in electrochemical CO2 reduction: Fundamental understanding and design strategies

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Mitigating the carbonate issues in electrochemical CO₂ reduction: Fundamental understanding and design strategies