Citation: Ruiyang Xiao, Zonghao Luo, Zongsu Wei, Daisuke Minakata, Richard Spinney, Stanisław Wacławek, Weizhi Zeng, Chongjian Tang. Beyond the bench: Evaluating the reliability of chemical scavengers in radical-based advanced oxidation processes[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(5): 111853. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111853 shu

Beyond the bench: Evaluating the reliability of chemical scavengers in radical-based advanced oxidation processes

Ruiyang Xiao ^{a, b} ,
Zonghao Luo ^{a, b} ,
Zongsu Wei ^c ,
Daisuke Minakata ^d ,
Richard Spinney ^e ,
Stanisław Wacławek ^f ,
Weizhi Zeng ^{a, b, *,} ,
Chongjian Tang ^{a, b, *,}

a.
Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
b.
Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
c.
Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
d.
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, United States
e.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
f.
Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 46117, Czech Republic

weizhi.zeng@csu.edu.cn

chjtang@csu.edu.cn

Received Date: 9 March 2025
Revised Date: 8 July 2025
Accepted Date: 17 September 2025
Available Online: 18 September 2025

Figures(2)

Chemical scavengers are frequently used to quantify the contribution of target radicals to contaminant removal in natural and engineered waters. While favored for their ease of use and versatility across systems, improper selection can lead to significant kinetic and mechanistic misinterpretations. This study presents a critical evaluation of chemical scavengers in radical-induced reactions across various environmental scenarios. Specifically, we demonstrate that in systems containing both target and coexisting radicals, commonly used scavengers can react with both species, complicating the measurement of reaction kinetics and leading to misinterpretation of target radical contributions. In addition, we discuss the challenges associated with applying scavengers in heterogeneous systems, where the distribution of scavengers and target compounds across interfaces significantly impacts the evaluation of radical contributions. Further, our insights from non-steady-state systems into radicals' dynamic behavior and transient phenomena are often overlooked in other steady-state conditions. We address interactions between scavengers and triplet excited-state compounds in photochemical systems, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate scavengers to ensure accurate kinetic profiling and radical quantification. These findings hold significant implications for advancing scavenger research across a broad range of chemical research and practical applications.
- Chemical scavenger,
- Radical contribution,
- Kinetic misinterpretation,
- Heterogeneous system,
- Triplet excited state
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