Citation: Yandong Xie, Sishi Li, Shiyin Xie, Yulong Zhang, Ziqiang Fan, Yuecong Chen, Jian Zhu, Qingyun Dou, Xingbin Yan. Functional group-engineered crosslinking for high-performance sodium storage of biomass-derived hard carbon[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(10): 111651. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111651 shu

Functional group-engineered crosslinking for high-performance sodium storage of biomass-derived hard carbon

Yandong Xie ^a ,
Sishi Li ^a ,
Shiyin Xie ^a ,
Yulong Zhang ^b ,
Ziqiang Fan ^a ,
Yuecong Chen ^a ,
Jian Zhu ^a ,
Qingyun Dou ^a ,
Xingbin Yan ^{a, *,}

a.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
b.
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China

yanxb3@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Received Date: 13 June 2025
Revised Date: 15 July 2025
Accepted Date: 30 July 2025
Available Online: 30 July 2025

Figures(5)

Biomass-derived hard carbons (HCs) have emerged as highly promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), owing to their high reversible capacities as well as low cost. However, the complex internal structure of biomass precursors presents significant challenges for precise control of microstructure as well as energy storage performance of the final HC products. To address this issue, in this study, three anthraquinone (AQ)-based organic small molecules, namely AQ, 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DQ) and 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ), are selected as crosslinking agents of bamboo biomass, to reveal the unique role of functional groups in these molecules for the precise regulation of microstructure of the bamboo-derived HCs. The results demonstrate that, under the same aromatic carbon skeleton, hydroxyl and amino groups have significant influence on the pore structure, graphitization degree, and electrochemical performance of HCs. Among them, DAAQ with amino functional groups exhibits the best crosslinking efficiency, resulting in a more ordered carbon structure along with successful N-heteroatom doping. Consequently, the HC prepared from DAAQ-crosslinked bamboo achieves a remarkable reversible capacity of 351 mAh/g and a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 86.4% at 20 mA/g. This work demonstrates the significant potential of functionalized AQ-based molecules as efficient crosslinkers in regulating the microstructure of biomass-derived HCs.
- Hard carbon,
- Sodium-ion batteries,
- Biomass,
- Crosslinking,
- Anthraquinone
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