Citation: Congxu Wang, Xuan Xie, Feng Qiu, Lei Zhu, Imran Shakir, Yuxi Xu. Recent advances in photocatalytic overall production of hydrogen peroxide from metal-free photocatalysts[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(1): 111604. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111604 shu

Recent advances in photocatalytic overall production of hydrogen peroxide from metal-free photocatalysts

Congxu Wang ^{a, c, 1} ,
Xuan Xie ^{d, 1} ,
Feng Qiu ^{a, *,} ,
Lei Zhu ^{b, *,} ,
Imran Shakir ^{e, *,} ,
Yuxi Xu ^{c, *,}

a.
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
b.
School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Key Technologies in Modern Paper and Sanitary Products Manufacturing, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
c.
School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
d.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
e.
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sustainability Research Center, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia

drfqiu@ucas.edu.cn

Lei.zhu@hbeu.edu.cn

mshakir@iu.edu.sa

xuyuxi@westlake.edu.cn

Received Date: 22 May 2025
Revised Date: 10 July 2025
Accepted Date: 17 July 2025
Available Online: 17 July 2025

Figures(21)

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been recognized as a green and nonpolluting multifunctional oxidant with extensive applications in environmental protection, metal etching, textile printing and dyeing, chemical synthesis and food processing. However, over 90% of industrial H₂O₂ is currently produced through the multi-step anthraquinone oxidation process, which suffers from a process with some drawbacks such as complex, high-energy consumption, and toxic byproducts emissions. Compared to the traditional anthraquinone method, artificial photosynthesis of H₂O₂ using semiconductor photocatalysts has emerged as a sustainable alternative due to its use of water and O₂ as the clean reactants and sole energy as the driving force. In recent years, metal-free photocatalysts mainly including covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) and carbon nitrile (g-C₃N₄) have garnered significant interest due to their superior thermal and chemical stability, diverse synthesis methods, tunable functionality, light weight nature and non-toxicity. These materials also exhibit adjustable band structure and unique photoelectric properties. Sustainable efforts have been made to advance metal-free photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis of H₂O₂, however, a comprehensive summary of current research status on metal-free-based photocatalytic overall H₂O₂ production remain scarce. This review outlines recent process in overall H₂O₂ photosynthesis based on metal-free photocatalysts. First, we introduced the fundamental concepts of photocatalytic overall H₂O₂ production. Then, we analyze representative studies on photocatalytic overall H₂O₂ synthesis using metal-free materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives in this field to guide the design and synthesis of metal-free systems for H₂O₂ generation.
- Photocatalysis,
- H₂O₂ generation,
- Metal-free photocatalysts,
- Tunable functionality,
- Overall synthesis
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