Citation: Jiaxin Guo, Yongyi Xie, Muhammad Waqqas Hasan, Yongcheng Zhu, You Zhou, Zhengfeng Li, Wenjie Chen. Advances in mucosal vaccines: Design strategies for antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(3): 111213. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111213 shu

Advances in mucosal vaccines: Design strategies for antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems

Jiaxin Guo ^{a, b, 1} ,
Yongyi Xie ^{a, b, 1} ,
Muhammad Waqqas Hasan ^{a, b, 1} ,
Yongcheng Zhu ^a ,
You Zhou ^{b, *,} ,
Zhengfeng Li ^{c, *,} ,
Wenjie Chen ^{a, b, d, *,}

a.
Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
b.
Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
c.
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
d.
Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Westbourne St, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia

zyou@gzhmu.edu.cn

li_zhengfeng@gibh.ac.cn

wenjie.chen1@hdr.mq.edu.au

Received Date: 16 November 2024
Revised Date: 11 April 2025
Accepted Date: 15 April 2025
Available Online: 15 April 2025

Figures(6)

Mucosal vaccines would be game-changing for blocking pathogenic transmission, prompting protection where microorganism first enters that those intramuscular ones could not be able to achieve. The exploration of the vaccines at mucosal surfaces is gaining momentum due to the unique immune reservoir they offer in a minimally invasive manner. Nevertheless, the application of mucosal vaccines faces challenges, including barriers such as degrading enzymes, mucus interference, and clearance mechanisms. The field of mucosal vaccination is still in its early stages, and its advancement will significantly benefit from foundational inquiries into immune activation mechanisms and the innovation of delivery technologies for optimal efficacy. It is highly central to design efficient systems for mucosal vaccine development, herein, this article offers the insights towards the status, bottlenecks and solutions in this field, the intricacies of the immune response, fundamental mechanisms, applications of the delivery strategies for various forms of mucosal vaccines are explored. Collectively, this review conducts systematical analysis on biological and chemical strategies designed to augment vaccine uptake across mucosal tissues, antigen design and delivery methods strengthening vaccination efficacy, with emphasis on the emerging mRNA mucosal vaccines, offering new insights into recent advancements, trends and future scenarios, aiming to harness mucosal immunity (MI) for comprehensive protection against infections and other diseases.
- Mucosal vaccine,
- Mucosal immunity,
- Adjuvants,
- Mucosal delivery systems,
- Antigen design
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