Citation: Yu Su, Jinbo Hu, Laiqiang Xu, Xinwen Jiang, Gonggang Liu, Yuanjuan Bai, Yuanyuan Liao, Shanshan Chang, Xiaowei Cheng. Tannin-derived sulfur-doped carbon with tunable porosity and dilated interlayer spacing for reversible Na-ion diffusion[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(2): 111210. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111210 shu

Tannin-derived sulfur-doped carbon with tunable porosity and dilated interlayer spacing for reversible Na-ion diffusion

Yu Su ^a ,
Jinbo Hu ^{a, *,} ,
Laiqiang Xu ^a ,
Xinwen Jiang ^a ,
Gonggang Liu ^a ,
Yuanjuan Bai ^a ,
Yuanyuan Liao ^a ,
Shanshan Chang ^{a, *,} ,
Xiaowei Cheng ^{b, *,}

a.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
b.
Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

jinbo.hu@csuft.edu.cn

changelxy@hotmail.com

xwcheng@fudan.edu.cn

Received Date: 5 March 2025
Revised Date: 9 April 2025
Accepted Date: 15 April 2025
Available Online: 15 April 2025

Figures(6)

Hard carbon (HC) in sodium-ion batteries is searched by numerous investigations, which can offer the excellent performance of reversible Na⁺ insertion and extraction. The covalent heteroatom doping in HC is recently worth concentrating, which can dilate the interlayer spacing of graphite to adjust the electrochemical storage performance in carbon anodes. However, the reported doping strategies of the modified HC have only resulted in limited improvement, especially unobvious effects on tuning porous structure. In this study, tannin extract and K₂SO₄ are respectively utilized as carbon source and sulfur source for the fabrication of HC, in which K₂SO₄ can contribute to the heteroatom doping, and the pore forming as well. The tannin-derived sulfur-doped carbon anode shows the excellent cycle stability, achieving a high reversible capacity of 520.5 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g. Even after 500 cycles at a current density of 3 A/g, a high specific capacity of 236.7 mAh/g and a capacity retention rate of 92.6% can be reserved. Compared with the initial carbon, the adsorption energy of Na⁺ is multifold times higher, whereas Na⁺ diffusion energy barriers manyfold decrease. Moreover, the full battery assembled with Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/tannin-based HC demonstrates a stable cycling performance. This work can manifest the potentiality of the tannin-based electrode as anode for a high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which could especially offer an explanation of Na⁺ storage and solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) stability to the electrochemical performance.
- Sulfur doping,
- Tannin-derived carbon,
- Sodium-ion diffusion,
- SEI,
- DFT
1. [1]
  S. Chu, A. Majumdar, Nature 488 (2012) 294–303. doi: 10.1038/nature11475
2. [2]
  G. Huang, Q. Kong, W. Yao, et al., ChemSusChem 16 (2023) e202202070. doi: 10.1002/cssc.202202070
3. [3]
  I. Jeon, D. Yang, D. Yadav, et al., Electrochim. Acta 439 (2023) 141730. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141730
4. [4]
  Y. Liu, B.V. Merinov, W.A. Goddard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113 (2016) 3735–3739. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1602473113
5. [5]
  Y. Xu, Y. Zhu, Y. Liu, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 3 (2013) 128–133. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201200346
6. [6]
  Y. Ge, H. Jiang, J. Zhu, et al., Electrochim. Acta 157 (2015) 142–148. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.086
7. [7]
  H. Ha, S. Nam, S.H. Jeong, et al., J Mech. Sci. Technol. 33 (2019) 3865–3870. doi: 10.1007/s12206-019-0730-2
8. [8]
  D. Saurel, B. Orayech, B. Xiao, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 201703268.
9. [9]
  Q. Hu, L.Q. Xu, G.G. Liu, et al., ACS Nano 1 (2024) 21491–21503. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06281
10. [10]
  Y. Qi, Y. Lu, F. Ding, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58 (2019) 4361–4365. doi: 10.1002/anie.201900005
11. [11]
  B. Cao, H. Liu, B. Xu, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016) 6472–6478. doi: 10.1039/C6TA00950F
12. [12]
  B. Feng, L.Q. Xu, Z.Y. Yu, et al., Electrochem. Commun. 148 (2023) 107439. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2023.107439
13. [13]
  L.Q. Xu, B. Feng, Y. Su, et al., Rare Met. 43 (2024) 6362–6372. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02763-0
14. [14]
  M. Sun, Y. Qu, F. Zeng, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 61 (2022) 2126–2135. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04575
15. [15]
  C.C. Cai, Y.C. Chen, P. Hu, et al., Small 18 (2022) 2105303. doi: 10.1002/smll.202105303
16. [16]
  L.F. Zhao, Z. Hu, W.H. Lai, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 11 (2021) 2002704. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002704
17. [17]
  D. Alvira, D. Antoran, J.J. Manya, Chem. Eng. J. 447 (2022) 137468. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137468
18. [18]
  M.S. Islam, C.A.J. Fisher, Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (2014) 185–204. doi: 10.1039/C3CS60199D
19. [19]
  Y. Jin, P.M.L. Le, P. Gao, et al., Nat. Energy 7 (2022) 718–725. doi: 10.1038/s41560-022-01055-0
20. [20]
  H. Fang, S. Gao, M. Ren, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (2023) e202214717. doi: 10.1002/anie.202214717
21. [21]
  M. Ma, H. Cai, C. Xu, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 (2021) 2100278. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100278
22. [22]
  L. Liu, L. Xiao, Z. Sun, et al., J. Energy Chem. 94 (2024) 414–429. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.02.055
23. [23]
  C. Bommier, X. Ji, Small 14 (2018) 1703576. doi: 10.1002/smll.201703576
24. [24]
  Q. Jin, W. Li, K. Wang, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 7 (2019) 10239–10245. doi: 10.1039/c9ta02107h
25. [25]
  Y. Zhao, Z. Hu, C. Fan, et al., Chem. Eng. J. 446 (2022) 137427. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137427
26. [26]
  R. Muruganantham, F.M. Wang, W.R. Liu, Electrochim. Acta 424 (2022) 140573. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140573
27. [27]
  X. Wang, M. Hou, Z. Shi, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 12059–12068. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c23165
28. [28]
  W. Shen, H. Li, C. Wang, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 15190–15201. doi: 10.1039/C5TA03519H
29. [29]
  R. Chen, X.Y. Li, C.C. Cai, et al., Small 19 (2023) 2303790. doi: 10.1002/smll.202303790
30. [30]
  X. Yuan, S. Chen, J. Li, et al., Carbon Energy 3 (2021) 615–626. doi: 10.1002/cey2.98
31. [31]
  Z. Xu, Y. Huang, L. Ding, et al., Energy Fuels 34 (2020) 11565–11573. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02286
32. [32]
  D. Wu, F. Sun, Z. Qu, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 10 (2022) 17225–17236. doi: 10.1039/d2ta04194d
33. [33]
  Z. Wang, B. Liu, J. Xie, et al., J. Alloys Compd. 911 (2022) 164979. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164979
34. [34]
  B. Wan, H. Zhang, S. Tang, et al., Energy Fuels 6 (2022) 4338–4345. doi: 10.1039/d2se00937d
35. [35]
  C. Wang, N. Zhao, B. Li, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A 9 (2021) 20483–20492. doi: 10.1039/d1ta05755c
36. [36]
  S.H. Deng, X.B. Wang, J.Y. Zhang, et al., J. Environ. Manage. 218 (2018) 50–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.057
37. [37]
  P. Hong, X. Liu, X. Zhang, et al., Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (2020) 5385–5396. doi: 10.1002/er.5288
38. [38]
  X. Liu, M. Antonietti, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 6284–6290. doi: 10.1002/adma.201302034
39. [39]
  Y. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Xiang, et al., Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 30431–30437. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c07616
40. [40]
  W. Nie, H. Cheng, X. Liu, et al., J. Power Sources 522 (2022) 230994. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.230994
41. [41]
  G. Zhao, D. Yu, H. Zhang, et al., Nano Energy 67 (2020) 104219. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104219
42. [42]
  R. Mishra, S. Panigrahy, S. Barman, Energy Fuels 36 (2022) 12310–12318. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c02383
43. [43]
  S. Manna, S. Puravankara, Next Mater. 7 (2025) 100353. doi: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100353
44. [44]
  R. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Wang, et al., Appl. Energy 261 (2020) 114369. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114369
45. [45]
  H.D. Asfaw, C.W. Tai, M. Valvo, et al., Mater. Today Energy 18 (2020) 100505. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100505
46. [46]
  H. Lei, J. Li, X. Zhang, et al., Infomat 4 (2022) e12272. doi: 10.1002/inf2.12272
47. [47]
  W. Deng, Y. Cao, G. Yuan, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 47728–477239. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c15884
48. [48]
  J. Yang, Z. Ju, Y. Jiang, et al., Adv. Mater. 30 (2018) 1700104. doi: 10.1002/adma.201700104
49. [49]
  Y. Li, M. Chen, B. Liu, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 20000927.
50. [50]
  P. Bai, Y. He, X. Zou, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (2018) 1703217. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201703217
51. [51]
  Z.Y. Hong, Y.C. Zhen, Y.R. Ruan, et al., Adv. Mater. 30 (2018) 1802035. doi: 10.1002/adma.201802035
52. [52]
  H. Tonnoir, D. Huo, R.L.S. Canevesi, et al., Mater. Today Chem. 23 (2022) 100614. doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100614
53. [53]
  A. Beda, A.M. Escamilla-Pérez, L. Simonin, et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5 (2022) 4774–4787. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.2c00215
54. [54]
  H. Kim, J. Hong, G. Yoon, et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 2963–2969. doi: 10.1039/C5EE02051D
55. [55]
  G. Luo, F. Shen, C. Bommier, et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 49 (2016) 231–240. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00482
56. [56]
  R. Wei, M. Huang, W. Ma, et al., J. Energy Chem. 49 (2020) 136–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.01.010
57. [57]
  Y. Zeng, F. Wang, Y. Cheng, et al., Energy Storage Mater. 73 (2024) 103808. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103808
58. [58]
  X.Q. Chang, Y.F. Ma, M. Yang, et al., Energy Storage Mater. 23 (2019) 358–366. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.039
1. [1]
  Yu Deng , Yan Liu , Yonghui Deng , Jinsheng Cheng , Yidong Zou , Wei Luo . In situ sulfur-doped mesoporous tungsten oxides for gas sensing toward benzene series. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 108898-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108898
2. [2]
  Tsegaye Tadesse Tsega , Jiantao Zai , Chin Wei Lai , Xin-Hao Li , Xuefeng Qian . Earth-abundant CuFeS2 nanocrystals@graphite felt electrode for high performance aqueous polysulfide/iodide redox flow batteries. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(1): 100192-100192. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100192
3. [3]
  Zhengyu Zhou , Huiqin Yao , Youlin Wu , Teng Li , Noritatsu Tsubaki , Zhiliang Jin . Synergistic Effect of Cu-Graphdiyne/Transition Bimetallic Tungstate Formed S-Scheme Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2024, 40(10): 2312010-0. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202312010
4. [4]
  Rohit Kumar , Anita Sudhaik , Aftab Asalam Pawaz Khan , Van Huy Neguyen , Archana Singh , Pardeep Singh , Sourbh Thakur , Pankaj Raizada . Designing tandem S-scheme photo-catalytic systems: Mechanistic insights, characterization techniques, and applications. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2025, 41(11): 100150-0. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100150
5. [5]
  Ya Ren , Cong Zhang , Haiyan Wang , Jin-Xia Liang , Chun Zhu , Han-Shi Hu , Jun Li . Defective Ru1@Mo2COx Single-Atom Catalyst for Efﬁcient Thermal Catalysis for Ammonia Synthesis. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2025, 44(8): 100649-100649. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100649
6. [6]
  Honglin Chen , Rupeng Wang , Zixiang He , Shih-Hsin Ho . Data-driven insights into nonradical activation mechanisms for biochar inverse design: A synergistic approach using DFT and machine learning with meta-analysis. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(2): 111372-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111372
7. [7]
  Chen Chen , Jinzhou Zheng , Chaoqin Chu , Qinkun Xiao , Chaozheng He , Xi Fu . An effective method for generating crystal structures based on the variational autoencoder and the diffusion model. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 109739-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109739
8. [8]
  Chunyan Yang , Qiuyu Rong , Fengyin Shi , Menghan Cao , Guie Li , Yanjun Xin , Wen Zhang , Guangshan Zhang . Rationally designed S-scheme heterojunction of BiOCl/g-C₃N₄ for photodegradation of sulfamerazine: Mechanism insights, degradation pathways and DFT calculation. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 109767-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109767
9. [9]
  Run-Han Li , Tian-Yi Dang , Wei Guan , Jiang Liu , Ya-Qian Lan , Zhong-Min Su . Evolution exploration and structure prediction of Keggin-type group IVB metal-oxo clusters. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108805-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108805
10. [10]
  Chaozheng He , Jia Wang , Ling Fu , Wei Wei . Nitric oxide assists nitrogen reduction reaction on 2D MBene: A theoretical study. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 109037-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109037
11. [11]
  Ting-Ting Huang , Jin-Fa Chen , Juan Liu , Tai-Bao Wei , Hong Yao , Bingbing Shi , Qi Lin . A novel fused bi-macrocyclic host for sensitive detection of Cr₂O₇²⁻ based on enrichment effect. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(7): 109281-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109281
12. [12]
  Sanmei Wang , Yong Zhou , Hengxin Fang , Chunyang Nie , Chang Q Sun , Biao Wang . Constant-potential simulation of electrocatalytic N₂ reduction over atomic metal-N-graphene catalysts. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(3): 110476-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110476
13. [13]
  Sanmei Wang , Dengxin Yan , Wenhua Zhang , Liangbing Wang . Graphene-supported isolated platinum atoms and platinum dimers for CO₂ hydrogenation: Catalytic activity and selectivity variations. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 110611-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110611
14. [14]
  Wenzheng Chen , Weiyun Chen , Bin Chen , Mingbao Feng . Deciphering the electron-shuttling role of iron(Ⅲ) porphyrin in modulating the reductive UV/S(Ⅳ) system into the oxidative strategy for micropollutant abatement. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110743-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110743
15. [15]
  Yao Wang , Jun Ouyang , Huadong Yuan , Jianmin Luo , Shihui Zou , Jianwei Nai , Xinyong Tao , Yujing Liu . Impact of local amorphous environment on the diffusion of sodium ions at the solid electrolyte interface in sodium-ion batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110412-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110412
16. [16]
  Wenya Li , Yuanqi Yang , Yuqing Yang , Min Liang , Huizi Li , Xi Ke , Liying Liu , Yan Sun , Chunsheng Li , Zhicong Shi , Su Ma . Insights into magnesium and titanium co-doping to stabilize the O3-type NaCrO₂ cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110388-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110388
17. [17]
  Hongyi Zhang , Wenda Li , Hao Luo , Lingyan Huang , Facai Wei , Shanzhe Ke , Liguo Ma , Chengbin Jing , Jiangong Cheng , Shaohua Liu . Mesoporous N-rich carbon nanospheres regulating high dispersion of red phosphorus for sodium-ion batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37(2): 110605-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110605
18. [18]
  Fanjun Kong , Yixin Ge , Shi Tao , Zhengqiu Yuan , Chen Lu , Zhida Han , Lianghao Yu , Bin Qian . Engineering and understanding SnS_0.5Se_0.5@N/S/Se triple-doped carbon nanofibers for enhanced sodium-ion batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(4): 108552-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108552
19. [19]
  Jiaojiao Liang , Youming Peng , Zhichao Xu , Yufei Wang , Menglong Liu , Xin Liu , Di Huang , Yuehua Wei , Zengxi Wei . Boron/phosphorus co-doped nitrogen-rich carbon nanofiber with flexible anode for robust sodium-ion battery. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(1): 110452-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110452
20. [20]
  Yiwen Xu , Chaozheng He , Chenxu Zhao , Ling Fu . Single-atom Ti doping on S-vacancy two-dimensional CrS₂ as a catalyst for ammonia synthesis: A DFT study. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 109797-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109797

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(10)
HTML views(1)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142