Citation: Xinyi Wang, Iek Man Lei, Bei Li, Yunlu Dai. Progress in extracellular vesicle@STING towards immune regulation[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2026, 37(2): 110990. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110990 shu

Progress in extracellular vesicle@STING towards immune regulation

Xinyi Wang ^{a, b} ,
Iek Man Lei ^c ,
Bei Li ^{a, b, *,} ,
Yunlu Dai ^{a, b, *,}

a.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
b.
MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
c.
Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China

beili@um.edu.mo

yldai@um.edu.mo

Received Date: 11 December 2024
Revised Date: 17 February 2025
Accepted Date: 20 February 2025
Available Online: 21 February 2025

Figures(6)

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as a critical innate immune sensor, has been widely and continually explored in immune-related disease treatment. As lipid bilayer-closed particles derived from cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) inherently function in target-guided intercellular communication. To incorporate the native merits of EVs into STING pathways, i.e., engineered EV@STING, poor bioavailability and off-target issues that STING activators possess could be significantly overcome. In this review, emerged STING activators such as nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structures and the universal STING activation strategy (uniSTING) are firstly summarized. Diverse EVs sources from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and innate and adaptive immune cells may evoke distinct regulatory results. Concurrently, how the EVs contents including double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), microRNA (miRNA), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′-cGAMP) proteins participate in the regulation of STING activation are widely studied. After mastering the two pivotal aspects of EV@STING, their immunomodulatory roles including in pathogen infection, inflammatory diseases, and cancer therapy are comprehensively summed up and discussed. Finally, in cancer study field, therapeutic challenges and clinical translational opportunities of EV@STING are thoroughly evaluated.
- Extracellular vesicles,
- Stimulator of interferon genes,
- Immunomodulation,
- Nanovesicles,
- Nanohybrid
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