Citation: Ling Zhou, Long Li, Liwen Huang, Yan Wu. Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, ;2026, 42(3): 100172. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100172 shu

Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst

Ling Zhou ^{1, †} ,
Long Li ^{1, †} ,
Liwen Huang ^2,, ,
Yan Wu ^1,,

1.
Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, Hubei Province, China
2.
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, Hubei Province, China

Corresponding author: Liwen Huang, hlw@hbeu.edu.cn Yan Wu, wuyan@cug.edu.cn

^†

Received Date: 15 July 2025
Revised Date: 20 August 2025
Accepted Date: 24 August 2025

Solar-driven oxygen reduction for H₂O₂ production offers a green, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional industrial anthraquinone process and direct H₂/O₂ synthesis. In this study, through targeted crystal facet engineering, a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) was selectively anchored onto the (010) facet of BiVO₄, forming an S-scheme heterojunction where the HOF is the reducing side and oxygen reduction occurs to produce H₂O₂. This configuration significantly enhanced the H₂O₂ yield to 555 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, representing a ~37% improvement compared to randomly contacted HOF/BiVO₄ systems. In situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) revealed the formation of an intrinsic electric field between the (110) and (010) facets of pristine BiVO₄, with the (010) facet becoming electron-rich under illumination. Further investigation of the HOF/BiVO₄ (010) material, where HOF is directionally anchored to the (010) facet of BiVO₄, demonstrated the establishment of an additional built-in electric field between the two components. Thus, we propose a novel HOF/BiVO₄ (010) photocatalytic material featuring dual built-in electric fields in the heterojunctions, which significantly promote the dual directed charge transfer in the different facets of single crystal BiVO₄ and the interface of the S-scheme heterojunction. In situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the S-scheme heterojunction electron transfer mechanism. By introducing electron scavengers and hole trappers, we conclusively verified that the heterojunction-mediated photocatalytic process follows a two-electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) pathway. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy detected the presence of superoxide radicals (∙O₂⁻), indicating that the ORR proceeds via an indirect two-electron transfer mechanism. The synergistic effects of the dual built-in electric fields, S-scheme heterojunction structure, and two-electron ORR pathway collectively contribute to the superior photocatalytic performance of this system.
- S-scheme heterojunction,
- Dual built-in electric fields,
- Hydrogen-bonded organic framework,
- BiVO₄,
- Two-electron ORR
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Enhanced H₂O₂ production performance via indirect two-electron reduction of HOF/BiVO₄ (010) S-scheme photocatalyst