太阳能分解水制氢最近进展:光催化、光电催化及光伏-光电耦合途径

引用本文: 李仁贵. 太阳能分解水制氢最近进展:光催化、光电催化及光伏-光电耦合途径[J]. 催化学报, 2017, 38(1): 5-12. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62552-4 shu

Citation: Rengui Li. Latest progress in hydrogen production from solar water splitting via photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical, and photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical solutions[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2017, 38(1): 5-12. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62552-4 shu

太阳能分解水制氢最近进展:光催化、光电催化及光伏-光电耦合途径

李仁贵 ^a,b,

a 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所洁净能源国家实验室(筹), 辽宁大连 116023;
b 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室, 辽宁大连 116023
基金项目:
国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划，2014CB239400），国家自然科学基金（21501236，21673230），中国科学院青年创新促进会（2016167）.

摘要: 能源是人类生存和发展的物质基础，太阳能作为最丰富的清洁可再生能源之一，其开发利用受到了世界范围内的广泛关注.通过光催化分解水制氢将太阳能以化学能的形式储存起来不仅能利用太阳能制取高燃烧值的氢能，同时氢能可与CO₂综合利用结合起来，在减少碳排放的同时，生成高附加值的化学品，实现碳氢资源的优化利用.光催化分解水制氢在过去的几年里取得了长足的进步，本综述从三种研究广泛的太阳能光催化分解水制氢途径（即光催化、光电催化以及光伏-光电耦合途径）入手，分别简要介绍了太阳能分解水制氢在近几年取得的最新研究进展.
利用纳米粒子悬浮体系进行光催化分解水制氢成本低廉、易于规模化放大，被认为是未来应用最可行的方式之一，但是太阳能转化利用效率还偏低.最新报道的SrTiO₃：La，Rh/Au/BiVO₄：Mo光催化剂其太阳能到氢能（STH）转化效率已超过了1.0%，相比之前报道的大多数光催化剂体系有了数量级的飞跃，让人们对太阳能光催化分解水制氢未来的规模化应用看到了希望.高效宽光谱响应的光催化剂、高效电荷分离策略、新型高效助催化剂以及气体分离新方法和新材料等，均是粉末光催化剂体系研究最为关键的问题；光电催化分解水在过去2-3年内发展迅速，在一些典型的光阳极半导体材料（如BiVO₄和Ta₃N₅等）体系上太阳能利用效率超过2.0%以上.最新研究发现，在Ta₃N₅光阳极的研究中，通过在光电极表面合理设计和构筑空穴传输层和电子阻挡层等策略，光电流和电极稳定性均可得到大幅度提升，光电流大小甚至可接近Ta₃N₅材料的理论极限电流.如果能进一步在过电位和电极稳定性上取得突破，该体系的STH转化效率还会得到大幅度改进.此外，光阴极的研究也越来越受到了研究者的关注；光伏-光电耦合体系在三种途径里面太阳能制氢效率最高，在多个体系上已超过10%以上，最近报道的利用多结GaInP/GaAs/Ge电池与Ni电催化剂耦合，其太阳能制氢效率可达到22.4%.虽然该种制氢途径的效率已超过其工业化应用的要求，但是光伏电池的成本（尤其是多结GaAs太阳电池）极大限制了其大面积规模化应用，同时还要考虑电催化剂的成本和效率等，光伏-光电耦合制氢是成本最高的太阳能制氢途径.需要指出的是，光伏-光电耦合制氢有望在一些特殊的领域最先取得实际应用，如为外太空航天器、远洋航海以及孤立海岛等传统能源无法满足的地方提供能源供给.
总之，太阳能分解水制氢研究取得了一系列重要进展，太阳能制氢效率得到了大幅度提升，也是目前世界范围内关注的研究热点之一，不仅具有强的潜在工业应用背景，更为基础科学提供了诸多新的研究课题.这一极具挑战的研究领域，在先进技术快速发展和基础科学问题认识不断提高的基础上，不久的将来，有望在不久的将来在基础科学和应用研究方面取得重大突破.

关键词:

English

Latest progress in hydrogen production from solar water splitting via photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical, and photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical solutions

Rengui Li ^a,b,

a Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China;
b State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
Received Date: 30 August 2016
Revised Date: 25 September 2016
Fund Project:
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (973 Program, 2014CB239400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21501236, 21673230), and Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2016167).

Abstract: Hydrogen production via solar water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising ways to utilize solar energy and has attracted more and more attention. Great progress has been made on photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production in the past few years. This review summa-rizes the very recent progress (mainly in the last 2-3 years) on three major types of solar hydrogen production systems:particulate photocatalysis (PC) systems, photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems, and photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical (PV-PEC) hybrid systems. The solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of PC systems has recently exceeded 1.0% using a SrTiO₃:La,Rh/Au/BiVO₄:Mo photocatalyst, 2.5% for PEC water splitting on a tantalum nitride photoanode, and reached 22.4% for PV-PEC water splitting using a multi-junction GaInP/GaAs/Ge cell and Ni electrode hybrid sys-tem. The advantages and disadvantages of these systems for hydrogen production via solar water splitting, especially for their potential demonstration and application in the future, are briefly de-scribed and discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for solar water splitting solutions are also forecasted.

Key words:

Solar energy utilization
/ Photocatalysis
/ Water splitting for hydrogen production
/ Charge separation

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太阳能分解水制氢最近进展:光催化、光电催化及光伏-光电耦合途径

English

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

中国化学会秘书处

太阳能分解水制氢最近进展:光催化、光电催化及光伏-光电耦合途径

English

Latest progress in hydrogen production from solar water splitting via photocatalysis, photoelectrochemical, and photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical solutions

CCS Chemistry：嵌段共聚物自组装成 “三明治”二维有机材料，实现纳米级压力传感功能

CCS Chemistry：颜徐州、鲍哲南： 你的皮肤可能是一片SPMs

CCS Chemistry：工作高效不疲劳，只须让催化剂动起来

CCS Chemistry：静电组装导向聚合- 聚电解质纳米凝胶量化制备新策略

CCS Chemistry：金黄色葡萄球菌醛基脱氢酶是如何识别特异性底物的？

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