采用原位聚合法制备了氯氧化铋(BiOCl)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合的Ⅱ型异质结光催化剂BiOCl/PANI，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附测试等多种技术手段对其进行了表征，考察了BiOCl/PANI在模拟可见光下对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明：BiOCl/PANI催化剂比PANI和BiOCl具有更高的光催化活性，在RhB质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、PANI与BiOCl的物质的量之比为0.02∶1、50 mg·L^-1的催化剂条件下，所制备的BiOCl/PANI光催化150 min后，RhB降解率为98.8%，速率常数为0.031 min^-1；经过4次循环实验后，RhB降解率从98.8%降低至98.4%，表现出良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。光催化剂BiOCl/PANI实现了电子和空穴对的快速分离，降低了二者在催化剂内部的复合速率，提高了光催化性能。

仪器分析实验“分子荧光法测定罗丹明B的含量”存在实验过于简单、未考虑实际情况等问题。因此，本改进实验在三维荧光扫描模式下获取样本数据，不进行复杂预处理，而是运用化学计量学算法解析出目标分析物的纯信号，进而实现了染色辣椒中罗丹明6G和123的同时测定。本改进实验提高了学生全面考虑问题和创新解决问题的能力。

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe₃O₄. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range, promoting their photocatalytic properties. Under visible light irradiation, CdS/Fe₃O₄ (2:5) with a mass ratio of 2:5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation rate of 98.8% for rhodamine B. Furthermore, after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation reaction, the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%, indicating that the photocatalysts have good photocatalytic stability.

A flower-like BiOBr photocatalyst (CS/BiOBr) was prepared by using the carbon material derived from corn straw (CS) as the carrier. The prepared composites were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FIIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS). The SEM analyses indicate that the introduction of CS promotes the formation of a unique flower-like structure in BiOBr, which not only optimizes the efficiency of light capture but also increases the specific surface area of BiOBr. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the pure BiOBr. The CS/BiOBr composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure CS and BiOBr under visible light irradiation, and a higher first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.043 7 min^-1 than BiOBr (0.014 6 min^-1), and exhibited excellent stability and reusability during the cyclic run. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and holes were the major active species.

Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄ composites were synthesized using the solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as the solvent. Bi₂O₃ was grown on the surface of BiVO₄ by regulating the reaction temperature. The adsorption performance of the composite for rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated. The results indicate that the reaction temperature significantly impacts the morphology and adsorption performance of Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄. The Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄ composite prepared at 180 ℃ (180-BO@BVO) consisted of nanoparticles with an average size of 7 nm, featuring a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface, but with a lower specific surface area (only 1.2 m²·g^-1). 180-BO@BVO, with oxygen species adsorbed at surface oxygen vacancies carrying a negative charge, achieved an impressive RhB removal efficiency of up to 83.0% through electrostatic interaction with RhB. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that it is predominantly governed by chemical adsorption. After five cycles of adsorption experiments, the removal efficiency of RhB by composites remained basically unchanged (more than 80%), demonstrating excellent regeneration performance.

本文介绍了一种污水处理方法——光催化-非均相芬顿耦合技术，引导学生以光芬顿降解罗丹明B作为研究对象。采用原位离子交换反应制备硫化FeOCl (FeS/FeOCl)异质结催化剂，表征其结构、形貌和光学性质，并探究其光芬顿降解罗丹明B的性能。该实验易于操作，现象明显，有助于提高本科生的实验操作技能，培养科研能力，并增强环保意识。

以废旧棉织物为原料，氯化锌为活化剂，采用一步活化-炭化法制备具有丰富孔隙结构的废旧棉织物基炭吸波材料(CCF)，并探讨了不同氯化锌质量分数对CCF吸波性能的影响。结果表明：氯化锌能够有效丰富CCF的孔隙结构，提高其吸波效果。在炭化温度为700 ℃(N₂气氛下)、氯化锌质量分数为10%时制备的CCF-10的比表面积高达1 310 m²·g^-1，其在厚度为2.0mm时的最小反射损耗达-35.02 dB，有效吸收带宽为5.6 GHz。

近年来，杂原子掺杂与内建电场(BIEF)的引入已成为增强电磁波(EW)吸收的关键策略。BIEF促进材料界面处离散电荷的重新分布，诱导空间电荷极化；而杂原子掺杂则进一步调节电子迁移率并引入内部缺陷。这些效应协同作用，显著提升了材料的电磁波吸收性能。本研究通过烧结与简易水热反应的组合工艺，在碳纤维(CF)表面沉积MoS₂，构建出稳定的莫特-肖特基异质结。随后制备三种变体样品以探究杂原素掺杂与BIEF效应：MoS₂包覆CF (CM)、N-MoS₂包覆CF (CNM)及N-MoS₂包覆P-CF (PCNM)。系统考察了杂原子掺杂对具有内部电场材料的吸收特性影响，以及N-MoS₂含量对电场吸收性能的影响。值得注意的是，PCNM-1样品展现出卓越的电场吸收性能，这可归因于杂原子掺杂与BIEF之间的协同作用，结合了优化的材料组成。具体而言，PCNM-1在17.52 GHz频率下以1.2 mm厚度实现-45.76 dB的反射损耗(RL)优化值，同时具备4.0 GHz的有效吸收带宽(EAB)。雷达截面积(RCS)模拟进一步证实了其卓越性能。

随着5G通信、航空航天及国防技术的快速发展，电磁辐射污染电磁干扰及电磁隐身需求推动吸波材料向“薄、轻、宽、强”方向发展。介电-磁复合吸波材料通过整合介电损耗与磁损耗机制，突破单一材料阻抗匹配不佳、频带窄等瓶颈，成为当前研究热点。该类材料的核心优势源于协同机制：介电相通过偶极极化、界面极化、传导损耗及缺陷损耗衰减电磁波，磁相依赖自然共振、交换共振、涡流损耗及畴壁共振实现磁能耗散；二者耦合可优化阻抗匹配，延长电磁波传播路径，拓宽有效吸收带宽。其协同效应受组分比例、微观结构及界面特性调控，通过Maxwell-Garnett理论、传输线理论等可揭示其微观物理过程。性能优化需通过多维度策略实现：组分设计上筛选互补性介电-磁材料并调控比例；制备工艺优化组分分散与结构完整性；微观结构调控强化阻抗匹配与多重损耗；表面改性提升界面极化与协同效应。典型体系包括磁性金属/介电聚合物、铁氧体/陶瓷、碳基/磁性纳米粒子复合体系，部分材料最小反射损耗低于−60 dB，有效吸收带宽超9 GHz。当前研究仍面临协同机制理论模型不完善、宽频吸收与环境稳定性难以兼顾等挑战。未来需深化微观机制认知，发展多功能一体化、智能化、绿色化材料，推动其在军事隐身、电子设备电磁兼容、通信基站防护等领域的规模化应用。

有质量微观粒子的“波粒二象性”和“量子化”等是初学量子化学过程中必须理解但又难以理解的基本概念。本文以电子的能量方程和动量算符出发讨论微观粒子的波粒二象性、运动空间的限域化和能量的量子化，推理得出限域导致量子化的结论。