English

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Sterols using the Synergistic Effect of NiFe-MOF and Aminoxyl Radicals

• Yinjie Xu ^1, ,
• Suiqin Li ^1, ,
• Lihao Liu ^1, ,
• Jiahui He ^1, ,
• Kai Li ^1, ,
• Mengxin Wang ^1, ,
• Shuying Zhao ^1, ,
• Chun Li ^2, ,
• Zhengbin Zhang ^2, ,
• Xing Zhong ^{1, ,} ,
• Jianguo Wang ^{1, ,}

• 1.

  Institute of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China

• 2.

  Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou 317300, Zhejiang Province, China

Corresponding author: Email: zhongx@zjut.edu.cn (X.Z.); Email: jgw@zjut.edu.cn (J.W.)

• Received Date: 08 May 2023
  Accepted Date: 07 June 2023
  Revised Date: 03 June 2023
  Available Online: 15 March 2024
• Fund Project:

  the National Key Research and Development Program of China 

  the National Key Research and Development Program of China 

  the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation 

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 

Abstract: Conventional oxidation methods of sterol intermediates using the heavy metal chromium as an oxidant has critical drawbacks, such as high toxicity and environmental pollution. Electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO), on the other hand, is considered a promising alternative to conventional processes owing to its high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and controllability. However, ECO currently faces two major challenges: low current densities and reduced space-time yields. In this study, a single-step solvothermal method was employed to synthesize self-supported nickel-iron metal-organic framework (NiFe-MOF) nanosheet electrocatalysts on graphite felt. Various analytical techniques were employed to comprehensively characterize the synthesized NiFe-MOF, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis Furthermore, we implemented a synergistic electrocatalytic strategy by combining the NiFe-MOF catalyst with aminoxyl radicals, i.e., 4-acetamido-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine-N-oxyl (ACT), to enhance the performance of the ECO reaction. According to the results of structural characterization, the synthesized NiFe-MOF exhibited an amorphous nanosheet structure with a high specific surface area and microporosity. Moreover, we successfully achieved continuous flow with enhanced mass transfer during the electrocatalytic oxidation of 19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (1a) at a current density of 100 mA∙cm⁻². The optimal reaction conditions for the ECO reaction were as follows: 100 mmol∙L⁻¹ concentration of 1a, 10% (molar fraction) of ACT, a 1 mol∙L⁻¹ Na₂CO₃/acetonitrile electrolyte (6 : 4), room temperature, pH 12.5, and a flow rate of 225 mL∙min⁻¹. Under these conditions, the conversion and selectivity of the reaction reached outstanding levels of 99 and 98%, respectively. Moreover, the space-time yield was calculated to be as high as 15.88 kg∙m⁻³∙h⁻¹, with a remarkable 35-fold increase compared to that achieved in a batch reactor. The NiFe-MOF/ACT synergistic system demonstrated a high conversion rate for ECO even after 10 reaction cycles. To assess the system's efficacy in converting other sterols, we conducted an analysis of substrate expansion, which yielded conversion rates exceeding 95%. The SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and XPS results of the catalyst obtained before and after the reaction indicated that the alkaline electrolyte could effectively reconstitute the NiFe-MOF structure, leading to a significant improvement in its performance. By leveraging a ten-fold increased surface area of the NiFe-MOF and constructing a continuous flow electroreactor for ECO with a constant current, we achieved a remarkable space-time yield of 12.99 kg∙m⁻³∙h⁻¹. Thus, we developed a synergistic electrocatalytic oxidation strategy based on NiFe-MOF/ACT, and this study not only provides valuable insights for realizing the selective oxidation of sterols but also contributes to the advancement of sustainable and efficient chemical processes.

Key words:
• Sterol
•  /  Electrocatalytic oxidation
•  /  Metal-organic frameworks
•  /  Aminoxyl radical
•  /  Synergistic effect

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