Nitrogen-rich doped carbon hollow nanocage structure cooperating with cobalt-nickel sulfide to improve the performance of supercapacitors
- Corresponding author: Shao-Juan CHENG, chengshaojuan2004@126.com Fang WANG, wangfang1116@163.com
Citation:
Hai-Feng YU, Ting FENG, Shao-Juan CHENG, Ya-Hui GAO, Qi XIAO, Fang WANG. Nitrogen-rich doped carbon hollow nanocage structure cooperating with cobalt-nickel sulfide to improve the performance of supercapacitors[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,
;2023, 39(8): 1597-1609.
doi:
10.11862/CJIC.2023.088
Li C, Huang Y, Feng X S, Zhang Z, Gao H, Huang J X. Silica-assisted cross-linked polymer electrolyte membrane with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021,594:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.02.128
Gayathri S, Arunkumar P, Saha D, Han J H. Composition engineering of ZIF-derived cobalt phosphide/cobalt monoxide heterostructures for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021,588:557-570. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.129
Li C, Zhang X, Wang K, Su F Y, Chen C M, Liu F Y, Wu Z S, Ma Y W. Recent advances in carbon nanostructures prepared from carbon dioxide for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. J. Energy Chem., 2021,54:352-367. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.05.058
Wu Y L, Guo W, Lian X J, Tian Y M, Wang W G, Li J Y, Wang S. Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical CoMoO4 nanosheets on NiCo2O4 for high-performance supercapacitor[J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2019,793:418-424. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.189
Wen Y X, Liu Y P, Dang S, Tian S H, Li H Q, Wang Z L, He D Y, Wu Z S, Cao G Z, Peng S L. High mass loading Ni-decorated Co9S8 with enhanced electrochemical performance for flexible quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. J. Power Sources, 2019,423:106-114. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.045
Zhang J T, Zhao X S. On the configuration of supercapacitors for maximizing electrochemical performance[J]. ChemSusChem, 2012,5:818-841. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201100571
Robert F. New 'supercapacitor' promises to pack more electrical punch[J]. Science, 2006,313902. doi: 10.1126/science.313.5789.902
Miller J R, Burker A. Electrochemical capacitors: Challenges and opportunities for real-world applications[J]. Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 2021,17:53-57.
HE Y Z, ZHAO H Q, LIU P, SUI Y W, WEI F X, QI J Q, MENG Q K, REN Y J, ZHUANG D D. Electrodeposition of NiS on CoNi2S4 for flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Chinese J. Inorg. Chem., 2021,37:171-179. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.2021.011
CHEN X L, ZHU Z P, WU B X, CHEN S G, ZHOU P, HE H. Design and synthesis of sandwich-like Co9S8/NiTe/Ni composites for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Chinese J. Inorg. Chem., 2021,37(2):295-304.
Gao Y, Zhao L J. Review on recent advances on nanostructured transition-metal-sulfide-based electrode materials for cathode materials of asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2022,430132745. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132745
Kang C X, Ma L, Chen Y C, Fu L K, Hu Q, Zhou C B, Liu Q M. Metal-organic framework derived hollow rod-like NiCoMn ternary metal sulfide for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2022,427131003. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131003
Yang X, Mao J J, Niu H, Wang Q, Zhu K, Ye K, Wang G L, Cao D X, Yan J. NiS2/MoS2 mixed phases with abundant active edge sites induced by sulfidation and graphene introduction towards high-rate supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2021,406126713. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126713
Dahiya Y, Hariram M, Kumar M, Jain A, Sarkar D. Modified transition metal chalcogenides for high performance supercapacitors: Current trends and emerging opportunities[J]. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2022,451214265. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214265
Dong C F, Liang J W, He Y Y, Li C C, Chen X X, Guo L J, Tian F, Qian Y T, Xu L Q. NiS1.03 hollow spheres and cages as superhigh rate capacity and stable anode materials for half/full sodium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Nano, 2018,12:8277-8287. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03541
Shi J H, Li X C, He G H, Zhang L, Li M. Electrodeposition of high-capacitance 3D CoS/graphene nanosheets on nickel foam for high-performance aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3:20619-20626. doi: 10.1039/C5TA04464B
Wang H F, Zhang K F, Song Y Q, Qiu J, Wu J, Yan L F. MnCo2S4 nanoparticles anchored N and S dual-doped 3D graphene as a prominent electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Carbon, 2019,146:420-429. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.035
JIANG M H, SHENG L Z, WANG C, JIANG L L, FAN Z J. Graphene film for supercapacitors: Preparation, foundational unit structure and surface regulation[J]. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2022,38(2)2012085.
WEI F, BI H H, JIAO S, HE X J. Interconnected graphene-like nanosheets for supercapacitors[J]. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2020,36(2)1903043.
Wu D, Xie X B, Ma Y P, Zhang J J, Hou C X, Sun X Q, Yang X Y, Zhang Y P, Kimura H, Du W. Morphology controlled hierarchical NiS/carbon hexahedrons derived from nitrilotriacetic acid-assembly strategy for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2022,433133673. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133673
Yan Y, Li A R, Lu C X, Zhai T F, Lu S F, Li W M, Zhou W. Double-layered yolk-shell microspheres with NiCo2S4-Ni9S8-C hetero-interfaces as advanced battery-type electrode for hybrid supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2020,396125316. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125316
Qi J Q, Huang M Y, Ruan C Y, Zhu D D, Zhu L, Wei F X, Sui Y W, Meng Q K. Construction of CoNi2S4 nanocubes interlinked by few-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene with high performance for asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Rare Met., 2022,41:4116-4126. doi: 10.1007/s12598-022-02167-y
Xie L X, Li M J, Zhu P, Xiao X B, Jia Z F, Wei Z Q, Jiang J L. Novel combination of nickel-cobalt sulfide and oxide derived from Ni2CoS4@ZIF-67 for high performance supercapacitor[J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2022,898162861. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162861
Yang Q J, Liu Y, Yan M, Lei Y, Shi W D. MOF-derived hierarchical nanosheet arrays constructed by interconnected core-shell nanoparticles for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Chem. Eng. J., 2019,370:666-676. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.239
Yang Q J, Liu Y, Deng C Y, Yan M, Shi W D. MOF-derived 3D hierarchical nanoarrays consisting of NiCoZn-S nanosheets coupled with granular NiCo2S4 nanowires for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019,7:26131-26138. doi: 10.1039/C9TA09692B
Qu G M, Zhang X X, Xiang G T, Wei Y R, Yin J M, Wang Z H, Zhang X L, Xu X J. ZIF-67 derived hollow Ni-Co-Se nano-polyhedrons for flexible hybrid supercapacitors with remarkable electrochemical performances[J]. Chin. Chem. Lett., 2020,31:2007-2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.01.040
Yang B L, Li B J, Xiang Z H. Advanced MOF-based electrode materials for supercapacitors and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction[J]. Nano Res., 2022,16:1338-1361.
Wang K B, Li Q Q, Ren Z J, Li C, Chu Y, Wang Z K, Zhang M D, Wu H, Zhang Q C. 2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for high-performance BatCap hybrid devices[J]. Small, 2020,162001987. doi: 10.1002/smll.202001987
Feng T, Wang F, Xu Y J, Chang M J, Jinn X J, Zhou Y L, Piao J H, Lei J F. CoP/Ni2P heteronanoparticles integrated with atomic Co/Ni dual sites for enhanced electrocatalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution[J]. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2021,46:8431-8443. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.060
YU H F, WANG F, FENG T, LIU S B, MA F G, YANG M X, LIANG P J. Preparation of Zn-doped Co9S8 nanomaterials and application for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction of electrocatalysis[J]. Chinese J. Inorg. Chem., 2020,36:1318-1326. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.2020.147
Wang J M, Huang Y, Han X P, Zhang S, Wang M Y, Yan J, Chen C, Zong M. Construction of hierarchical Co9S8@NiO synergistic microstructure for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021,603:440-449. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.118
Wang X Z, Wang S J, Su D C, Xu S G, Cao S K, Xiao Y H. Constructing a p-n heterojunction in 3D urchin-like CoNixSy/g-C3N4 composite microsphere for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2022,902163784. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163784
Wang C, Sui G Z, Guo D X, Li J L, Zhang L, Li S B, Xin J J, Chai D F, Guo W X. Structure-designed synthesis of hollow/porous cobalt sulfide/phosphide based materials for optimizing supercapacitor storage properties and hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021,599:577-585. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.118
Gong J X, Wang Y R, Wang J H, Liu Y X, Hu C H, Zhou T L, Yu Q L, Yang J X, Dai Y T. Hollow nickel-cobalt sulfide nanospheres cathode hybridized with carbon spheres anode for ultrahigh energy density asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2022,47:10056-10068. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.083
Li H J, Liu M Y, Li Y, Yuan L, Zhang P, Cai Z, Chen H, Zhou J L. ZIF-8@ZIF-67-derived ZnCo2O4@nitrogen-doped carbon/carbon nanotubes wrapped by a carbon layer: A stable oxygen reduction catalyst with a competitive strength in acid media[J]. Mater. Today Energy, 2021,19100574. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100574
Pan Y, Sun K A, Liu S J, Cao X, Wu K L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu Y Q, Wang D S, Peng Q, Chen C, Li Y D. Core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 derived CoP nanoparticles-embedded N-doped carbon nanotube hollow polyhedron for efficient over-all water splitting[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018,140:2610-2618. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b12420
Tang J, Salunkhe R R, Liu J, Torad N L, Lmura M, Furukawa S, Yamauchi Y. Thermal conversion of core-shell metal-organic frameworks: A new method for selectively functionalized nanoporous hybrid carbon[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015,137:1572-1580. doi: 10.1021/ja511539a
Chen Y Z, Wang C, Wu Z Y, Xiong Y J, Xu Q, Yu S H, Jiang H L. From bimetallic metal-organic framework to porous carbon: High surface area and multicomponent active dopants for excellent electrocatalysis[J]. Adv. Mater., 2015,27:5010-5016. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502315
Liu S, Wang Z, Zhou S, Yu F, Yu M, Chiang C Y, Zhou W, Zhao J, Qiu J. Metal-organic-framework-derived hybrid carbon nanocages as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution[J]. Adv. Mater., 2017,291700874. doi: 10.1002/adma.201700874
Wu Z B, Pu X L, Ji X B, Zhu Y R, Jing M J, Chen Q Y, Jiao F P. High energy density asymmetric supercapacitors from mesoporous NiCo2S4 nanosheets[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2015,174:238-245. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.011
Zhang D Y, Gao S Y, Zhang J W, Wang J R, She W N, Wang K J, Xia X, Yang B, Meng X X. Facile solid-phase synthesis of layered NiS/rGO nanocomposite for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor[J]. J. Power Sources, 2021,514230590. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230590
Nandhini S, Muralidharan G. Graphene encapsulated NiS/Ni3S4 mesoporous nanostructure: A superlative high energy supercapacitor device with excellent cycling performance[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2021,365137367. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137367
Sambathkumar C, Ranjithkumar R, Arasi S E, Manikandan A, Nallamuthu N, Kumar M K, Arivarrasan A, Devendran P. High-performance nickel sulfide modified electrode material from single-source precursor for energy storage application[J]. J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Electron., 2021,32:20058-20070. doi: 10.1007/s10854-021-06383-7
Wu Y, Tong H, Chen X D, Zhou Y, Wu C Q, Gong D X, Xiao J P, Zhang X G. Preparation of nanosheets of Ni5P2@Ni9S8/CoS1.097 heterostructure for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors with high electrochemical performance[J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2022,923166378. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166378
Chen L N, Wan J F, Fan L, Wei Y H, Zou J L. Construction of CoNi2S4 hollow cube structures for excellent performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021,570151174. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151174
Zhu J, Xiang L, Xi D, Zhou Y Z, Yang J. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like CoS hierarchitectures for application in supercapacitors[J]. Bull. Mater. Sci., 2018,4154. doi: 10.1007/s12034-018-1570-x
Peng S, Xu Q, Fan L L, Wei C Z, Bao H F, Xu W L, Xu J. Flexible polypyrrole/cobalt sulfide/bacterial cellulose composite membranes for supercapacitor application[J]. Synth. Met., 2016,222:285-292. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.11.002
Ji Z Y, Li N, Xie M H, Shen X P, Dai W Y, Liu K, Xu K Q, Zhu G X. High-performance hybrid supercapacitor realized by nitrogen-doped carbon dots modified cobalt sulfide and reduced graphene oxide[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2020,334135632. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135632
Wu X Y, Wang C C, Wang Z, Qin Y, Kong Y. Nanostructured Co9S8/polypyrrole hybrids grown on carbon cloth for battery-type supercapacitor electrode[J]. Synth. Met., 2022,286117034. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2022.117034
Mao X L, He X, Yang W Y, Liu H, Zhou Y J, Xu J H, Yang Y J. Hierarchical holey Co9S8@S-rGO hybrid electrodes for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2019,328135078. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135078
Gao J S, Zhang Z M, Wang H H, Liu Z M, He Y. Construction of 3D Co/Co9S8 encapsulated by graphite carbon for high performance supercapacitor[J]. J. Electroanal. Chem., 2022,921116670. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116670
Sambathkumara C, Nallamuthua N, Kumar M K, Sudhaharb S, Devendran P. Electrochemical exploration of cobalt sulfide nanoparticles synthesis using cobalt diethyldithiocarbamate as single source precursor for hybrid supercapacitor device[J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2022,920165839. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165839
Qiu L R, Yang W S, Zhao Q, Lu S S, Wang X H, Zhou M, Tao B F, Xie Q, Ruan Y J. Electrochemical exploration of cobalt sulfide nanoparticles synthesis using cobalt diethyldithiocarbamate as single source precursor for hybrid supercapacitor device[J]. ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2022,5:6192-6200. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00142
Ansari S A, Kotb H M, Ahmad M M. Wrinkle-shaped nickel sulfide grown on three-dimensional nickel foam: A binder-free electrode designed for high-performance electrochemical supercapacitor applications[J]. Crystals, 2022,12757. doi: 10.3390/cryst12060757
Zhang Y P, Shen Y H, Xie X B, Du W, Kang L T, Wang Y, Sun X Q, Li Z H, Wang B. One-step synthesis of the reduced graphene oxide@ NiO composites for supercapacitor electrodes by electrode-assisted plasma electrolysis[J]. Mater. Des., 2020,196109111. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109111
Huan ZHANG , Jijiang WANG , Guang FAN , Long TANG , Erlin YUE , Chao BAI , Xiao WANG , Yuqi ZHANG . A highly stable cadmium(Ⅱ) metal-organic framework for detecting tetracycline and p-nitrophenol. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(3): 646-654. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230291
Jie ZHANG , Xin LIU , Zhixin LI , Yuting PEI , Yuqi YANG , Huimin LI , Zhiqiang LIU . Assembling a luminescence silencing system based on post-synthetic modification strategy: A highly sensitive and selective turn-on metal-organic framework probe for ascorbic acid detection. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(4): 823-833. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230310
Weichen WANG , Chunhua GONG , Junyong ZHANG , Yanfeng BI , Hao XU , Jingli XIE . Construction of two metal-organic frameworks by rigid bis(triazole) and carboxylate mixed-ligands and their catalytic properties for CO2 cycloaddition reaction. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(7): 1377-1386. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20230415
Jiahong ZHENG , Jingyun YANG . Preparation and electrochemical properties of hollow dodecahedral CoNi2S4 supported by MnO2 nanowires. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(10): 1881-1891. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240170
Tian TIAN , Meng ZHOU , Jiale WEI , Yize LIU , Yifan MO , Yuhan YE , Wenzhi JIA , Bin HE . Ru-doped Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide: Preparation and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution property. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2025, 41(2): 385-394. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240298
Ning Zhang , Mengjie Qin , Jiawen Zhu , Xuejing Lou , Xiao Tian , Wende Ma , Youmei Wang , Minghua Lu , Zongwei Cai . Thickness-controllable synthesis of metal-organic framework based hollow nanoflowers with magnetic core via liquid phase epitaxy for phosphopeptides enrichment. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 110177-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110177
Ziyi Zhu , Yang Cao , Jun Zhang . CO2-switched porous metal-organic framework magnets. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 100241-100241. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100241
Muhammad Riaz , Rakesh Kumar Gupta , Di Sun , Mohammad Azam , Ping Cui . Selective adsorption of organic dyes and iodine by a two-dimensional cobalt(II) metal-organic framework. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(12): 100427-100427. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100427
Meirong HAN , Xiaoyang WEI , Sisi FENG , Yuting BAI . A zinc-based metal-organic framework for fluorescence detection of trace Cu2+. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 40(8): 1603-1614. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240150
Xiangshuai Li , Jian Zhao , Li Luo , Zhuohao Jiao , Ying Shi , Shengli Hou , Bin Zhao . Visual and portable detection of metronidazole realized by metal-organic framework flexible sensor and smartphone scanning. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109407-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109407
Wenbiao Zhang , Bolong Yang , Zhonghua Xiang . Atomically dispersed Cu-based metal-organic framework directly for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(2): 109630-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109630
Tengjia Ni , Xianbiao Hou , Huanlei Wang , Lei Chu , Shuixing Dai , Minghua Huang . Controllable defect engineering based on cobalt metal-organic framework for boosting oxygen evolution reaction. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2024, 43(1): 100210-100210. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100210
Xu Huang , Kai-Yin Wu , Chao Su , Lei Yang , Bei-Bei Xiao . Metal-organic framework Cu-BTC for overall water splitting: A density functional theory study. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 109720-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109720
Xin Chen , Meng Zhao , Yan-Yuan Jia . Stable Eu(III)-based metal-organic framework for fluorescence sensing of benzaldehyde and its analogues. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2025, 44(3): 100445-100445. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2024.100445
Yuxin Wang , Zhengxuan Song , Yutao Liu , Yang Chen , Jinping Li , Libo Li , Jia Yao . Methyl functionalization of trimesic acid in copper-based metal-organic framework for ammonia colorimetric sensing at high relative humidity. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(6): 108779-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108779
Xudong Zhao , Yuxuan Wang , Xinxin Gao , Xinli Gao , Meihua Wang , Hongliang Huang , Baosheng Liu . Anchoring thiol-rich traps in 1D channel wall of metal-organic framework for efficient removal of mercury ions. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(2): 109901-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109901
Sixiao Liu , Tianyi Wang , Lei Zhang , Chengyin Wang , Huan Pang . Cerium-based metal-organic framework-modified natural mineral vermiculite for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under visible-light irradiation. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(3): 110058-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110058
Ze Liu , Xiaochen Zhang , Jinlong Luo , Yingjian Yu . Application of metal-organic frameworks to the anode interface in metal batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109500-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109500
Benjian Xin , Rui Wang , Lili Liu , Zhiqiang Niu . Metal-organic framework derived MnO@C/CNTs composite for high-rate lithium-based semi-solid flow batteries. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2023, 42(11): 100116-100116. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100116
Ke-Ai Zhou , Lian Huang , Xing-Ping Fu , Li-Ling Zhang , Yu-Ling Wang , Qing-Yan Liu . Fluorinated metal-organic framework for methane purification from a ternary CH4/C2H6/C3H8 mixture. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2023, 42(11): 100172-100172. doi: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2023.100172
Inset: GCD curves at the first 20 cycles and SEM images of CoNixSy/NC after cycles.
Inset: schematic diagram of the CoNixSy/NC//CoNixSy/NC device and GCD curves at the first 10 cycles.