Citation: Ru Ding, Chunfei Wang, E Lv, Jingjing Zhao, Xucong Zhou, Yuanyi Li, Ying Wang, Bingxue Li, Lixia Zhang, Jin Zhou. A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on Au³⁺/Pd²⁺ complexes for glutathione sensing: Applications in acute liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ferroptosis exploration[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, ;2025, 36(11): 111497. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111497 shu

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on Au³⁺/Pd²⁺ complexes for glutathione sensing: Applications in acute liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ferroptosis exploration

Ru Ding ^{a, 1} ,
Chunfei Wang ^{b, 1} ,
E Lv ^{a, 1} ,
Jingjing Zhao ^a ,
Xucong Zhou ^a ,
Yuanyi Li ^a ,
Ying Wang ^{c, *,} ,
Bingxue Li ^{a, *,} ,
Lixia Zhang ^a ,
Jin Zhou ^{a, *,}

a.
School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
b.
Weifang People's Hospital, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261041, China
c.
School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

wangying@uor.edu.cn

libingxue@sdsmu.edu.cn

zhoujin@sdsmu.edu.cn

Received Date: 27 April 2025
Revised Date: 19 June 2025
Accepted Date: 23 June 2025
Available Online: 23 June 2025

Figures(4)

Liver diseases, particularly acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), have become global public health issues. Glutathione (GSH), as an important antioxidant, plays a crucial role in the liver, and its changes are closely associated with liver injury and the development of liver cancer. Therefore, accurately monitoring GSH variations is critical for understanding liver injury mechanisms, early diagnosis, and treatment evaluation. However, traditional detection methods suffer from insufficient sensitivity and selectivity. To address these challenges, we developed an innovative DR-Au³⁺/DR-Pd²⁺ complex probe that can rapidly and sensitively detect GSH through near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence changes. This probe, with the optimal excitation and emission wavelengths of the probe both located in the NIR region, exhibits excellent selectivity and liver-targeting ability, overcoming the imprecision localization problems of traditional methods. In the AALI and DILI models, the optimized DR-Au³⁺ probe enables real-time monitoring of GSH level fluctuations, providing a powerful tool for early diagnosis of liver injury and dynamic evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. In the DILI and HCC models, the DR-Au³⁺ probe enables visualization and quantitative monitoring of the ferroptosis process, offering new perspectives and approaches for targeted therapy research. The DR-Au³⁺ probe we developed pioneers innovative strategies for establishing accurate diagnostic protocols and individualized therapeutic regimens in hepatic injury and hepatocellular carcinoma management.
- Near-infrared fluorescent probe,
- Glutathione,
- Liver injury,
- Hepatocellular carcinoma,
- Ferroptosis
1. [1]
  J. Ishikawa, M. Takeo, A. Iwadate, et al., Commun. Biol. 4 (2021) 13. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01551-7
2. [2]
  J.X. Mao, L.H. Tan, C. Tian, et al., Life Sci. 337 (2024) 24.
3. [3]
  L. Han, Y. Pan, L. Luo, et al., Talanta 287 (2025) 127694. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127694
4. [4]
  J. Wróblewska, M. Wróblewski, I. Holynska-Iwan, et al., Antioxidants 12 (2023) 23.
5. [5]
  Y.X. Guo, X.D. Zhang, F.G. Wu, et al., J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 530 (2018) 511–520. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.041
6. [6]
  X.D. Rong, C.Y. Liu, M.Z. Li, et al., Anal. Chem. 93 (2021) 16105–16112. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03836
7. [7]
  N. Ge, H. Liang, Y.Y. Zhao, et al., J. Food Sci. 83 (2018) 2612–2621. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14320
8. [8]
  A.L. Fotio, M.S.D. Nguepi, L.B. Tonfack, et al., South Afr. J. Bot. 129 (2020) 317–323. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.037
9. [9]
  A. Jelinek, L. Heyder, M. Daude, et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 117 (2018) 45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.019
10. [10]
  Y.Q. Zhang, R.R. Dong, H.L. Zhou, et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 72 (2024) 16323–16333. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02912
11. [11]
  Z.L. Yan, S.J. Wu, Y. Zhou, et al., ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 8 (2022) 2508–2517. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00236
12. [12]
  N. Li, T. Wang, N. Wang, et al., Chem. Int. Ed. 62 (2023) 12.
13. [13]
  W. Zhang, L. Yang, Z. Jin, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. (2025), doi:10.1016/j.cclet. 2025.111220. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111220
14. [14]
  Q. Pang, F. Huo, Y. Yue, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 36 (2025) 110713. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110713
15. [15]
  B. Zhao, X.H. Xu, X. Wen, et al., Anal. Chem. 96 (2024) 5992–6000. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00328
16. [16]
  K. Yang, B. Zheng, F. Wu, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. (2025), doi:10.1016/j.cclet. 2025.111235. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111235
17. [17]
  X. Yang, C. Wang, D. Wang, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. (2025), doi:10.1016/j.cclet. 2025.111215. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111215
18. [18]
  M. Wu, K. Wu, S. Feng, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. (2025), doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2025. 110979. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110979
19. [19]
  G.J. He, X.B. Hua, N. Yang, et al., Bioorganic. Chem. 91 (2019) 6.
20. [20]
  Z.Q. Hu, L.L. Sun, Y.Y. Gu, et al., Sens Actuator B: Chem. 212 (2015) 220–224. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.084
21. [21]
  J. Zhang, Y.C. Zhang, Q. Guo, et al., ACS Sens. 7 (2022) 1105–1112. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00058
22. [22]
  R.N. Wang, X.C. Zhou, B.X. Li, et al., Chem. Commun. 60 (2024) 5.
23. [23]
  G. Nie, J.J. Che, Y.Z. Feng, et al., Dyes Pigment 219 (2023) 9.
24. [24]
  S. Wang, X.J. Zhao, M.M. Liu, et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 239 (2023) 8.
25. [25]
  D. Lapenna, Ageing Res. Rev. 92 (2023) 30.
26. [26]
  Y. Ding, K.J. Choi, J.H. Kim, et al., Am. J. Pathol. 172 (2008) 1529–1541. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070429
27. [27]
  L. Xia, Y.Q. Chen, J.T. Li, et al., Chin. Med. J. 136 (2023) 1977–1989. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002772
28. [28]
  F.W. Sun, Y.Y. Peng, Y.P. Li, et al., Chin. Chem. Lett. 34 (2023) 107507. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.021
29. [29]
  J.Q. Tao, C.L. Xue, X.D. Wang, et al., Int. J. Med. Sci. 20 (2023) 1616–1630. doi: 10.7150/ijms.85114
1. [1]
  Quan Lu , Lulu Zhang , Zihan Chen , Jiajia Lv , Jie Gao , Xinmin Li , Hongyu Li , Wen Shi , Xiaohua Li , Huimin Ma , Zeli Yuan . A lipid droplet-targeting fluorescence probe for monitoring of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(8): 110620-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110620
2. [2]
  Qiuye Wang , Yabing Sun , Liangxue Lai , Haijing Cui , Yonglong Ye , Ming Yang , Weihao Zhu , Bo Yuan , Quanliang Mao , Wenzhi Ren , Aiguo Wu . MMP-9-responsive probe for fluorescence-magnetic resonance dual-mode imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma models with different metastatic capacities. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 110212-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110212
3. [3]
  Xing Tian , Di Wu , Wanheng Wei , Guifu Dai , Zhanxian Li , Benhua Wang , Mingming Yu . A lipid droplets-targetable fluorescent probe for polarity detection in cells of iron death, inflammation and fatty liver tissue. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(6): 108912-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108912
4. [4]
  Zhiyu Yu , Xiang Luo , Cheng Zhang , Xin Lu , Xiaohui Li , Pan Liao , Zhongqiu Liu , Rong Zhang , Shengtao Wang , Zhiqiang Yu , Guochao Liao . Mitochondria-targeted carrier-free nanoparticles based on dihydroartemisinin against hepatocellular carcinoma. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109519-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109519
5. [5]
  Wen-Xuan Shao , Jianyuan Wu , Gaojie Li , Yi-Hao Min , Qiu-Shuang Hu , Yu Liu , Weimin Ci , Bi-Feng Yuan . Quantitative analysis of N⁶-methyladenine at single-base resolution in mitochondrial DNA of hepatocellular carcinoma by deaminase-mediated sequencing. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110747-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110747
6. [6]
  Jiayu Zeng , Minhui Liu , Ting Yang , Jia Huang , Songjiao Li , Wanting Zhang , Dan Cheng , Longwei He , Jia Zhou . Two-dimensional design strategy to construct smart dual-responsive fluorescent probe for the precise tracking of ischemic stroke. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 110166-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110166
7. [7]
  Lin Li , Bingjun Sun , Jin Sun , Lin Chen , Zhonggui He . Binary prodrug nanoassemblies combining chemotherapy and ferroptosis activation for efficient triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(10): 109538-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109538
8. [8]
  Zhendong Liu , Sainan Liu , Bin Liu , Qi Meng , Meng Yuan , Chunzheng Yang , Yulong Bian , Ping'an Ma , Jun Lin . Fe(Ⅲ)-juglone nanoscale coordination polymers for cascade chemodynamic therapy through synergistic ferroptosis and apoptosis strategy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109626-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109626
9. [9]
  Yuequan Wang , Congtian Wu , Chengcheng Feng , Qin Chen , Zhonggui He , Shenwu Zhang , Cong Luo , Jin Sun . Spatiotemporally-controlled supramolecular hybrid nanoassembly enabling ferroptosis-augmented photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(3): 109902-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109902
10. [10]
  Yan Gao , Zi-Lin Song , Shuang Yu , Xiu-Li Zhao , Da-Wei Chen , Ming-Xi Qiao . Enhanced ferroptosis by a nanoparticle mimicking hemoglobin coordinate pattern with self-supplying hydrogen peroxide. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 110097-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110097
11. [11]
  Guanghui Lin , Jieyao Chen , Xiaojia Liu , Yitong Lin , Xudong Zhu , Guotao Yuan , Bowen Yang , Shuanshuan Guo , Yue Pan , Jianhua Zhou . Sustained modulation of tumor microenvironment via sorafenib-loaded mesoporous ferromanganese nanozymes for enhanced apoptosis-ferroptosis cancer therapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(8): 111018-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111018
12. [12]
  Zheng-Biao Zou , Tai-Zong Wu , Chun-Lan Xie , Yuan Wang , Yan Li , Gang Zhang , Rong Chao , Lian-Zhong Luo , Li-Sheng Li , Xian-Wen Yang . neo-Dicitrinols A–C: Unprecedented PKS-NRPS hybrid citrinin dimers with ferroptosis inhibitory activity from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citrinum W22. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(12): 109723-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109723
13. [13]
  Yong-Dan Zhao , Yidan Wang , Rongrong Wang , Lina Chen , Hengtong Zuo , Xi Wang , Jihong Qiang , Geng Wang , Qingxia Li , Canqi Ping , Shuqiu Zhang , Hao Wang . Reversing artemisinin resistance by leveraging thermo-responsive nanoplatform to downregulating GSH. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(6): 108929-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108929
14. [14]
  Jun Xiong , Ke-Ke Chen , Neng-Bin Xie , Wei Chen , Wen-Xuan Shao , Tong-Tong Ji , Si-Yu Yu , Yu-Qi Feng , Bi-Feng Yuan . Demethylase-assisted site-specific detection of N¹-methyladenosine in RNA. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(5): 108953-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108953
15. [15]
  Jin Wang , Xiaoyan Pan , Junyu Zhang , Qingqing Zhang , Yanchen Li , Weiwei Guo , Jie Zhang . Active molecule-based theranostic agents for tumor vasculature normalization and antitumor efficacy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(8): 109187-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109187
16. [16]
  Jiangshan Xu , Weifei Zhang , Zhengwen Cai , Yong Li , Long Bai , Shaojingya Gao , Qiang Sun , Yunfeng Lin . Tetrahedron DNA nanostructure/iron-based nanomaterials for combined tumor therapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2024, 35(11): 109620-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.109620
17. [17]
  Hui Zhang , Rong Feng , Wanyi Yu , Hongbei Wei , Tianhong Wu , Peng Zhang , Wenhai Bian , Xin Li , Di Gao , Guojun Weng , Zhe Yang , Tony D. James , Xiaolong Sun . Evaluating the global thiols redox state in living cells using a reducing sulfur species responsive fluorescence switching platform. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(4): 110528-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110528
18. [18]
  Yanjun Cai , Yong Jiang , Yu Chen , Erzhuo Cheng , Yuan Gu , Yuwei Li , Qianqian Liu , Jian Zhang , Jifang Liu , Shisong Han , Bin Yang . Amplifying STING activation and immunogenic cell death by metal-polyphenol coordinated nanomedicines for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 110437-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110437
19. [19]
  Mingrui Zhang , Lingyu Jin , Yuda Zhu , Junfeng Kou , Bo Liu , Jing Chen , Xiaolin Zhong , Xianghua Wu , Junfeng Zhang , Wenxiu Ren . A near-infrared Ⅱ fluorescent dye based on oxanthracene: Real-time imaging of drug-induced acute liver injury and photothermal therapy for tumor. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(10): 110772-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110772
20. [20]
  Dandan Tang , Ningge Xu , Yuyang Fu , Wei Peng , Jinsheng Wu , Heng Liu , Fabiao Yu . Rationally designed an innovative proximity labeling near-infrared fluorogenic probe for imaging of peroxynitrite in acute lung injury. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 36(5): 110082-. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2024.110082

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Metrics

PDF Downloads(0)
Abstract views(18)
HTML views(2)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on Au3+/Pd2+ complexes for glutathione sensing: Applications in acute liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ferroptosis exploration

Metrics

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on Au³⁺/Pd²⁺ complexes for glutathione sensing: Applications in acute liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ferroptosis exploration