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2021 Volume 84 Issue 3
2021, 84(3): 194-203
Abstract:
Phenolic resin based carbon aerogels typically represented by resorcinol-formaldehyde are a kind of lightweight, porous and amorphous carbon nanomaterials with broad applications in the field of catalysis, adsorption, electrochemistry and thermal insulation. However, the complex and high-cost supercritical drying process greatly restricts the industrial preparation and application of carbon aerogels, thus ambient pressure drying process has become one of the most widely studied technologies for preparing carbon aerogels. In this paper, four structure control methods for the preparation of phenolic resin based carbon aerogels by ambient pressure drying are reviewed, including control of sol-gel reaction parameters, adding templates method, fiber reinforcement method and additives method. The structural characteristics of materials obtained by these methods and the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation process are also summarized. Finally, the future development is prospected.
Phenolic resin based carbon aerogels typically represented by resorcinol-formaldehyde are a kind of lightweight, porous and amorphous carbon nanomaterials with broad applications in the field of catalysis, adsorption, electrochemistry and thermal insulation. However, the complex and high-cost supercritical drying process greatly restricts the industrial preparation and application of carbon aerogels, thus ambient pressure drying process has become one of the most widely studied technologies for preparing carbon aerogels. In this paper, four structure control methods for the preparation of phenolic resin based carbon aerogels by ambient pressure drying are reviewed, including control of sol-gel reaction parameters, adding templates method, fiber reinforcement method and additives method. The structural characteristics of materials obtained by these methods and the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation process are also summarized. Finally, the future development is prospected.
2021, 84(3): 204-214
Abstract:
Phase-transfer processes of nanoparticles between two immiscible liquid phases play an important role in many aspects such as recycling of catalysts, drug delivery and preparation of nanoparticles. Environmental responsive nanoparticles have been widely developed because of their advantages of nanoparticles and stimuli-responsive properties. The phase transfer of environmental responsive nanoparticles makes the phase transfer process more efficient, reversible and intelligent, which has shown a broad application prospect. In this paper, the recent progress in the phase transfer of environmental responsive nanoparticles between two immiscible phases is reviewed. The main contents include the phase transfer of nanoparticles triggered by stimuli such as pH, CO2, temperature, light, ionic strength, ligand exchange and ionic exchange, and their applications in sustainable catalysis and reaction separation coupling. The key influence of interface effect and self-assembly behavior of nanoparticles and solvation effect on the phase transfer process is analyzed. At the same time, the main problems and further research work in this field are proposed.
Phase-transfer processes of nanoparticles between two immiscible liquid phases play an important role in many aspects such as recycling of catalysts, drug delivery and preparation of nanoparticles. Environmental responsive nanoparticles have been widely developed because of their advantages of nanoparticles and stimuli-responsive properties. The phase transfer of environmental responsive nanoparticles makes the phase transfer process more efficient, reversible and intelligent, which has shown a broad application prospect. In this paper, the recent progress in the phase transfer of environmental responsive nanoparticles between two immiscible phases is reviewed. The main contents include the phase transfer of nanoparticles triggered by stimuli such as pH, CO2, temperature, light, ionic strength, ligand exchange and ionic exchange, and their applications in sustainable catalysis and reaction separation coupling. The key influence of interface effect and self-assembly behavior of nanoparticles and solvation effect on the phase transfer process is analyzed. At the same time, the main problems and further research work in this field are proposed.
2021, 84(3): 215-224
Abstract:
Recently, cheap and abundant phosphides have gradually attracted people's attention. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) are very attractive due to their unique metal-like physical and chemical properties, high conductivity and good catalytic performance. It is widely used in metallurgy, hydroprocessing, electrocatalysis, energy storage, photocatalysis and other fields, becoming one of the hot points in the field of catalytic materials. This article mainly reviews the structural characteristics and commonly used preparation methods of TMPs and the latest developments in their applications in hydrorefining, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.
Recently, cheap and abundant phosphides have gradually attracted people's attention. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) are very attractive due to their unique metal-like physical and chemical properties, high conductivity and good catalytic performance. It is widely used in metallurgy, hydroprocessing, electrocatalysis, energy storage, photocatalysis and other fields, becoming one of the hot points in the field of catalytic materials. This article mainly reviews the structural characteristics and commonly used preparation methods of TMPs and the latest developments in their applications in hydrorefining, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.
2021, 84(3): 225-231
Abstract:
Traditional nano-drug delivery carriers mainly achieve drug release through cellular endocytosis process. However, due to their passive targeting mechanism, the enrichment and therapeutic effect of nano carriers in tumor tissues will be reduced. In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been widely reported by researchers due to its excellent water-solubility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and active tumor targeting properties. Therefore, HA has been widely utilized in the construction of drug delivery carriers and has attracted much more attention in the field of targeted cancer therapy field. Based on the different therapeutic mechanism, HA-based nano carriers and their applications in chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and synergistic therapy fields are summarized in this paper. On this basis, the research trends are also expected based on the progress of HA-based nano-carriers.
Traditional nano-drug delivery carriers mainly achieve drug release through cellular endocytosis process. However, due to their passive targeting mechanism, the enrichment and therapeutic effect of nano carriers in tumor tissues will be reduced. In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been widely reported by researchers due to its excellent water-solubility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and active tumor targeting properties. Therefore, HA has been widely utilized in the construction of drug delivery carriers and has attracted much more attention in the field of targeted cancer therapy field. Based on the different therapeutic mechanism, HA-based nano carriers and their applications in chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and synergistic therapy fields are summarized in this paper. On this basis, the research trends are also expected based on the progress of HA-based nano-carriers.
2021, 84(3): 232-239
Abstract:
Catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions are the core of the modern chemical industry. From the exploration of milligram-level organic chemical reactions to the production of tons of chemicals, there are wide applications of catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. For a long time, precious metal catalysts have been the key to the catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds. From the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development, in recent years, non-noble metal-catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions have made important research progress. This review aims to introduce the significant progress made in the development of non-noble metal-catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation conversions.
Catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions are the core of the modern chemical industry. From the exploration of milligram-level organic chemical reactions to the production of tons of chemicals, there are wide applications of catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. For a long time, precious metal catalysts have been the key to the catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds. From the perspective of environmental protection and sustainable development, in recent years, non-noble metal-catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions have made important research progress. This review aims to introduce the significant progress made in the development of non-noble metal-catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation conversions.
2021, 84(3): 240-245, 239
Abstract:
Carbon and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are widely found in natural products, bioactive molecules, drugs and many other fine chemicals. In recent years, a large number of synthetic methods have been developed to prepare these compounds. Among them, visible-light-induced radical cascade cyclization of 1, n-enynes has become a powerful tool for the preparation of these compounds because of its green and friendly conditions, simple operation, good chemical selectivity and functional group compatibility. Based on the types of free radicals, this paper summarizes the latest progress in the field of visible light induced radical cascade cyclization of 1, n-enynes since 2013.
Carbon and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are widely found in natural products, bioactive molecules, drugs and many other fine chemicals. In recent years, a large number of synthetic methods have been developed to prepare these compounds. Among them, visible-light-induced radical cascade cyclization of 1, n-enynes has become a powerful tool for the preparation of these compounds because of its green and friendly conditions, simple operation, good chemical selectivity and functional group compatibility. Based on the types of free radicals, this paper summarizes the latest progress in the field of visible light induced radical cascade cyclization of 1, n-enynes since 2013.
2021, 84(3): 246-253
Abstract:
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have attracted worldwide attention. To achieve high performance in AEMFCs, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) should own high ion conductivity and good alkaline stability. AEMs contain cationic groups and polymer backbone, which play very important role in determining the overall stability and ionic conductivity for the AEMs. In this paper, the alkaline stability and ion conductivity of quaternary ammonium (QA) AEMs with alkylic QA AEMs, N-spirocyclic QA AEMs, cyclic QA AEMs, including both aryl ether-free and aryl ether-containing structure are introduced in detail, the alkaline stability of quaternary ammonium salts with different frameworks are summarized, the degradation mechanisms for QA are analyzed, and the development trend of the QA cationic groups are discussed.
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have attracted worldwide attention. To achieve high performance in AEMFCs, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) should own high ion conductivity and good alkaline stability. AEMs contain cationic groups and polymer backbone, which play very important role in determining the overall stability and ionic conductivity for the AEMs. In this paper, the alkaline stability and ion conductivity of quaternary ammonium (QA) AEMs with alkylic QA AEMs, N-spirocyclic QA AEMs, cyclic QA AEMs, including both aryl ether-free and aryl ether-containing structure are introduced in detail, the alkaline stability of quaternary ammonium salts with different frameworks are summarized, the degradation mechanisms for QA are analyzed, and the development trend of the QA cationic groups are discussed.
2021, 84(3): 254-260
Abstract:
Potassium ferrate is a new type of green and efficient water treatment agent that integrates oxidation, flocculation, adsorption, sterilization, disinfection, and deodorization. It has important theoretical research and practical application value in the field of wastewater treatment. This article reviews the preparation methods of potassium ferrate and its application in wastewater treatment in recent years, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each preparation method, and combining the latest research results, the industrial preparation of potassium ferrate and its application prospects in wastewater treatment are forecasted.
Potassium ferrate is a new type of green and efficient water treatment agent that integrates oxidation, flocculation, adsorption, sterilization, disinfection, and deodorization. It has important theoretical research and practical application value in the field of wastewater treatment. This article reviews the preparation methods of potassium ferrate and its application in wastewater treatment in recent years, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each preparation method, and combining the latest research results, the industrial preparation of potassium ferrate and its application prospects in wastewater treatment are forecasted.
2021, 84(3): 261-266
Abstract:
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) functionalized gold nanorods (BSA-Cys-GNRs) as a fluorescence probe for the detection of Hg2+ has been developed in this work. BSA was successfully modified on the surface of gold nanorods with cysteine as the linker. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis, FL, FT-IR and inverted fluorescence microscopy. The BSA-Cys-GNRs displays strong fluorescence emission peak at 338 nm under excitation at 295 nm. The fluorescence of BSA-Cys-GNRs is strongly quenched upon addition of Hg2+ ions. Effective detection conditions are pH 4.0 and incubating time 5.0 min. Mn2+, K+, Ni2+, Na+, Cr3+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Zn2+ are examined under identical conditions, and all of them do not induce any noticeable responses to BSA-Cys-GNRs. There is a good linear dependence of fluorescence intensity on Hg2+ concentration in the range of 0.04444~8.888 μmol·L-1 with the detection limit of 8.08 nmol·L-1. Furthermore, the method has been applied for the determination of Hg2+ in water samples, and the recoveries are in the range of 98.9%~105.0%.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) functionalized gold nanorods (BSA-Cys-GNRs) as a fluorescence probe for the detection of Hg2+ has been developed in this work. BSA was successfully modified on the surface of gold nanorods with cysteine as the linker. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis, FL, FT-IR and inverted fluorescence microscopy. The BSA-Cys-GNRs displays strong fluorescence emission peak at 338 nm under excitation at 295 nm. The fluorescence of BSA-Cys-GNRs is strongly quenched upon addition of Hg2+ ions. Effective detection conditions are pH 4.0 and incubating time 5.0 min. Mn2+, K+, Ni2+, Na+, Cr3+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Zn2+ are examined under identical conditions, and all of them do not induce any noticeable responses to BSA-Cys-GNRs. There is a good linear dependence of fluorescence intensity on Hg2+ concentration in the range of 0.04444~8.888 μmol·L-1 with the detection limit of 8.08 nmol·L-1. Furthermore, the method has been applied for the determination of Hg2+ in water samples, and the recoveries are in the range of 98.9%~105.0%.
2021, 84(3): 267-272
Abstract:
Using the stacking silica beads method, silica sol as the raw material, and threonine (L-Thr) as the chiral source to construct a chiral environment, we prepared the inorganic mesoporous chiral silica balls stationary phase with chiral separation capabilities. Elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption were used to characterize its structures. The separation of chiral isomers and benzene-based positional isomers on the stationary phase was carried out through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nine racemic compounds and eight benzene position isomers were successfully separated. The L-Thr chiral molecularly imprinted silica gel stationary phase has certain feasibility in chiral separation and good separation performance in the separation of positional isomers, and its chromatographic repeatability is good.
Using the stacking silica beads method, silica sol as the raw material, and threonine (L-Thr) as the chiral source to construct a chiral environment, we prepared the inorganic mesoporous chiral silica balls stationary phase with chiral separation capabilities. Elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption were used to characterize its structures. The separation of chiral isomers and benzene-based positional isomers on the stationary phase was carried out through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nine racemic compounds and eight benzene position isomers were successfully separated. The L-Thr chiral molecularly imprinted silica gel stationary phase has certain feasibility in chiral separation and good separation performance in the separation of positional isomers, and its chromatographic repeatability is good.
2021, 84(3): 273-278
Abstract:
Three 3, 3'-disubstituted BINOL axial chiral thiourea catalysts(3a~3c) were synthesized and successfully applied to asymmetric Knoevenagel Micheal series reaction to synthesize a series of 4H-pyran derivatives. The results showed that the reaction of various substituted aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile and 1, 3-cyclohexanedione at 25℃ using CH2Cl2 as solvent and 3a as the catalyst gave 4H-pyran derivatives with a yield of 98%, enantioselectivity up to 94%.
Three 3, 3'-disubstituted BINOL axial chiral thiourea catalysts(3a~3c) were synthesized and successfully applied to asymmetric Knoevenagel Micheal series reaction to synthesize a series of 4H-pyran derivatives. The results showed that the reaction of various substituted aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile and 1, 3-cyclohexanedione at 25℃ using CH2Cl2 as solvent and 3a as the catalyst gave 4H-pyran derivatives with a yield of 98%, enantioselectivity up to 94%.
2021, 84(3): 279-283
Abstract:
A convenient 10-grams-scale synthesis of 2-hydroxy-3, 4, 6-trimethoxychalcone (1) is described. The total yield of 2-hydroxy-3, 4, 6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (7) was increased from 22% reported in the literature to 68% after the optimization of methylation and formylation. 7 was furnished in 85% yield at 80℃ from 7 via the Wittig reaction in acetonitrile.
A convenient 10-grams-scale synthesis of 2-hydroxy-3, 4, 6-trimethoxychalcone (1) is described. The total yield of 2-hydroxy-3, 4, 6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (7) was increased from 22% reported in the literature to 68% after the optimization of methylation and formylation. 7 was furnished in 85% yield at 80℃ from 7 via the Wittig reaction in acetonitrile.
2021, 84(3): 284-287, 260
Abstract:
The comparative molecular force field analysis (CoMFA) method was applied to systematically study the in vitro anti-proliferative activities(pH) of 18 fluoroquinolone triazolone derivatives against human leukemia HL60 cells. The established CoMFA model showed good correlative and predictive ability in terms of high correlation coefficient value (R2=0.969) and cross-validation coefficient value (Rcv2=0.473). The contributions of steric and electrostatic fields was 58.5% and 41.5%, respectively. Based on the CoMFA contour maps, some key structural factors (such as hydrophobic factor, steric fit, Coulomb force and hydrogen bonds etc.) responsible for the anti-proliferative activity of the series of compounds were revealed. The results provide some useful theoretical references for understanding the mechanism of action, designing new fluoroquinolone triazolone compounds with high anti-proliferative activity, and predicting their activities.
The comparative molecular force field analysis (CoMFA) method was applied to systematically study the in vitro anti-proliferative activities(pH) of 18 fluoroquinolone triazolone derivatives against human leukemia HL60 cells. The established CoMFA model showed good correlative and predictive ability in terms of high correlation coefficient value (R2=0.969) and cross-validation coefficient value (Rcv2=0.473). The contributions of steric and electrostatic fields was 58.5% and 41.5%, respectively. Based on the CoMFA contour maps, some key structural factors (such as hydrophobic factor, steric fit, Coulomb force and hydrogen bonds etc.) responsible for the anti-proliferative activity of the series of compounds were revealed. The results provide some useful theoretical references for understanding the mechanism of action, designing new fluoroquinolone triazolone compounds with high anti-proliferative activity, and predicting their activities.
