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2020 Volume 83 Issue 12
2020, 83(12): 1058-1080
Abstract:
Pesticides have guaranteed the development of agriculture in China. As a big agricultural country, the development of pesticide in China must rely on our independent innovation. The moderinization of Chinese agriculture needs to be supported by the development of Chinese pesticides. The creation of new pesticides is a systematic engineering, which requires all disciplines to reach the high-tech level. At present, the research on pesticides in China has stood at a higher starting point and level, with its own original theories, methods, means and targets for pesticide creation. To some extent, China's pesticide research has begun to lead the global development of pesticides in some fields. Combined with the development of pesticides in China since 1949, 70 self-created products of newly invented pesticides were summarized according to their type, time, unit, main target, action mode and action mechanism.
Pesticides have guaranteed the development of agriculture in China. As a big agricultural country, the development of pesticide in China must rely on our independent innovation. The moderinization of Chinese agriculture needs to be supported by the development of Chinese pesticides. The creation of new pesticides is a systematic engineering, which requires all disciplines to reach the high-tech level. At present, the research on pesticides in China has stood at a higher starting point and level, with its own original theories, methods, means and targets for pesticide creation. To some extent, China's pesticide research has begun to lead the global development of pesticides in some fields. Combined with the development of pesticides in China since 1949, 70 self-created products of newly invented pesticides were summarized according to their type, time, unit, main target, action mode and action mechanism.
2020, 83(12): 1081-1088
Abstract:
Ochratoxin is a kind of secondary metabolites mainly produced by aspergillus and penicillium. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic one which can cause serious harm to human body. Moreover, it is difficult to be destroyed by conventional food processing because of its high stability. Sensitive and rapid detection of OTA is the key to early detection and treatment of OTA contamination. So far, aptamers have been employed as substitutes for antibodies to construct OTA electrochemical biosensors due to their unique advantages. The classic OTA detection methods and electrochemical aptamer biosensors (aptasensors) were introduced respectively in this paper. Besides, the latest research status of the OTA electrochemical aptasensors were summarized including the optimization of aptamer, the applications of new materials and biomagnification technologies. Meantime, the future development was prospected with the aim of providing some reference for the further research and application of OTA aptasensors.
Ochratoxin is a kind of secondary metabolites mainly produced by aspergillus and penicillium. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic one which can cause serious harm to human body. Moreover, it is difficult to be destroyed by conventional food processing because of its high stability. Sensitive and rapid detection of OTA is the key to early detection and treatment of OTA contamination. So far, aptamers have been employed as substitutes for antibodies to construct OTA electrochemical biosensors due to their unique advantages. The classic OTA detection methods and electrochemical aptamer biosensors (aptasensors) were introduced respectively in this paper. Besides, the latest research status of the OTA electrochemical aptasensors were summarized including the optimization of aptamer, the applications of new materials and biomagnification technologies. Meantime, the future development was prospected with the aim of providing some reference for the further research and application of OTA aptasensors.
2020, 83(12): 1089-1097, 1103
Abstract:
Lanthanide organic framework materials (Ln-MOFs) have unique luminescence properties due to the special electron configuration of lanthanide ions. Fluorescence detection of many substances can be realized through the interaction between the framework and different guest molecules. Among them, Tb-MOFs constructed with terbium ion (Tb3+) as the center have better optical performance and higher detection sensitivity, and they are potential high-efficiency fluorescent probes. In this paper, taking rare earth Tb3+ as the main line, the research progress of Tb-MOFs materials in the fluorescence detection of anion and cation, organic small molecule and biological molecule was reviewed, and the future development trend was prospected.
Lanthanide organic framework materials (Ln-MOFs) have unique luminescence properties due to the special electron configuration of lanthanide ions. Fluorescence detection of many substances can be realized through the interaction between the framework and different guest molecules. Among them, Tb-MOFs constructed with terbium ion (Tb3+) as the center have better optical performance and higher detection sensitivity, and they are potential high-efficiency fluorescent probes. In this paper, taking rare earth Tb3+ as the main line, the research progress of Tb-MOFs materials in the fluorescence detection of anion and cation, organic small molecule and biological molecule was reviewed, and the future development trend was prospected.
2020, 83(12): 1098-1103
Abstract:
Brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) are potential persistent organic pollutants. They are planar tricyclic aromatic compounds with characteristics such as teratogenicity, carcinogenesis and mutagenicity. At present, the research on analysis and detection of PBDD/Fs is a hot topic in the world, but there are few researches in China. Therefore, exploring the analysis and detection methods of PBDD/Fs is of great scientific significance for the further control of PBDD/Fs pollution. This paper summarizes the characteristics and the analytical methods of PBDD/Fs, focusing on the extraction, purification, instrument analysis and quality control of PBDD/Fs to better understand the current analysis and detection level of PBDD/Fs. We hope this article can provide a scientific and effective reference for the analysis and subsequent detection of PBDD/Fs.
Brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) are potential persistent organic pollutants. They are planar tricyclic aromatic compounds with characteristics such as teratogenicity, carcinogenesis and mutagenicity. At present, the research on analysis and detection of PBDD/Fs is a hot topic in the world, but there are few researches in China. Therefore, exploring the analysis and detection methods of PBDD/Fs is of great scientific significance for the further control of PBDD/Fs pollution. This paper summarizes the characteristics and the analytical methods of PBDD/Fs, focusing on the extraction, purification, instrument analysis and quality control of PBDD/Fs to better understand the current analysis and detection level of PBDD/Fs. We hope this article can provide a scientific and effective reference for the analysis and subsequent detection of PBDD/Fs.
2020, 83(12): 1104-1112
Abstract:
Cellulose is a type of biodegradable natural polymer material, however, it is difficult to be dissolved in water and common organic solvents due to the strong inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. The traditional solvents have disadvantages such as poor stability, toxicity, and difficulty in recycling. Therefore, searching for a new green solvent has become a hot but difficult point in the development of cellulose. Ionic liquid is a new and efficient green solvent, which can dissolve cellulose, keratin and other biological macromolecules under certain conditions. The emergence of ionic liquids provides an environmentally friendly and biodegradable solvent system for the dissolution of cellulose, which has a broad application prospect. This review summarized the solubility of cellulose dissolved by different kinds of ionic liquid and several factors affecting the solubility, the mechanism of action between ionic liquid and cellulose and the recovery method of ionic liquids, which provides theoretical basis and industrial guidance for the processing and utilization of cellulose.
Cellulose is a type of biodegradable natural polymer material, however, it is difficult to be dissolved in water and common organic solvents due to the strong inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. The traditional solvents have disadvantages such as poor stability, toxicity, and difficulty in recycling. Therefore, searching for a new green solvent has become a hot but difficult point in the development of cellulose. Ionic liquid is a new and efficient green solvent, which can dissolve cellulose, keratin and other biological macromolecules under certain conditions. The emergence of ionic liquids provides an environmentally friendly and biodegradable solvent system for the dissolution of cellulose, which has a broad application prospect. This review summarized the solubility of cellulose dissolved by different kinds of ionic liquid and several factors affecting the solubility, the mechanism of action between ionic liquid and cellulose and the recovery method of ionic liquids, which provides theoretical basis and industrial guidance for the processing and utilization of cellulose.
2020, 83(12): 1113-1121
Abstract:
High-emissivity ceramic materials have received more and more attention because of their high performances. A higher heating efficiency and subsequent energy saving effect can be achieved when they are adopted in the industry furnaces. These materials not only improve the heating rate, but also endow an even heat distribution in the furnace. The advantages of these materials include the high infrared emissivity, stable chemical properties and prominent thermal stability. Based on the mechanism of infrared radiation, the research progress in several high-emissivity ceramic materials are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the preparation of doped high-emissivity ceramic materials and latest research status are introduced, and the future development trend is also discussed.
High-emissivity ceramic materials have received more and more attention because of their high performances. A higher heating efficiency and subsequent energy saving effect can be achieved when they are adopted in the industry furnaces. These materials not only improve the heating rate, but also endow an even heat distribution in the furnace. The advantages of these materials include the high infrared emissivity, stable chemical properties and prominent thermal stability. Based on the mechanism of infrared radiation, the research progress in several high-emissivity ceramic materials are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the preparation of doped high-emissivity ceramic materials and latest research status are introduced, and the future development trend is also discussed.
2020, 83(12): 1122-1126
Abstract:
In order to achieve the dispersion and protection of liquid crystals, the encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) was carried out. Liquid crystal microcapsules were prepared by a free radical polymerization and their morphology and size distribution were explored by using SEM and laser particle size analyzer and other analysis methods. The composition of liquid crystal microcapsules was proved by FT-IR spectrometer, and the optical characteristics of them heated before and after was investegated by polarizing optical microscope (POM). When the raw material input ratio is 5:4, the shear rate is 7000 r/min, the shear time is 10min, and the dosage of emulsifier (HSMA) is 5mL, the prepared CLC microcapsules have the advantages of good monodispersity, excellent color rendering, high temperature resistance, and can be made into thermochromic liquid crystal film.
In order to achieve the dispersion and protection of liquid crystals, the encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) was carried out. Liquid crystal microcapsules were prepared by a free radical polymerization and their morphology and size distribution were explored by using SEM and laser particle size analyzer and other analysis methods. The composition of liquid crystal microcapsules was proved by FT-IR spectrometer, and the optical characteristics of them heated before and after was investegated by polarizing optical microscope (POM). When the raw material input ratio is 5:4, the shear rate is 7000 r/min, the shear time is 10min, and the dosage of emulsifier (HSMA) is 5mL, the prepared CLC microcapsules have the advantages of good monodispersity, excellent color rendering, high temperature resistance, and can be made into thermochromic liquid crystal film.
2020, 83(12): 1133-1137, 1148
Abstract:
An efficient and simple protocol has been developed for the preparation of terphenyls. Using PdCl2 as the catalyst, K2CO3 and Et3N as the base, without adding any ligands, the Suzuki reaction between biphenol fluorosulfonate and aryl boronic acid in ethanol aqueous solution can efficiently generate terphenyls containing multiple functional groups. This coupling reaction protocol is convenient to operate, does not require nitrogen protection, and has few by-products from the self-coupling of aryl boronic acid, which is beneficial to product separation. This method provides a simple and efficient way for the synthesis of terphenyl compounds.
An efficient and simple protocol has been developed for the preparation of terphenyls. Using PdCl2 as the catalyst, K2CO3 and Et3N as the base, without adding any ligands, the Suzuki reaction between biphenol fluorosulfonate and aryl boronic acid in ethanol aqueous solution can efficiently generate terphenyls containing multiple functional groups. This coupling reaction protocol is convenient to operate, does not require nitrogen protection, and has few by-products from the self-coupling of aryl boronic acid, which is beneficial to product separation. This method provides a simple and efficient way for the synthesis of terphenyl compounds.
2020, 83(12): 1138-1148
Abstract:
Pim-1 kinase has become a candidate therapeutic target of tumor, which affects tumorigenesis and progression by acting on multiple signaling pathways and targets. To provide a reference for the design of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor, we established computational models via Topomer CoMFA and GALAHAD modules in software SYBYL-X2.1.1, then 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore characteristic elements of 39 Pim-1 kinase inhibitors based on 6-azaindazole ring were studied. The results showed that the q2 and r2 obtained by Topomer CoMFA model were 0.756 and 0.951, respectively. Combined with external validation, it concluded that the 3D-QSAR model has good predictive ability and statistical stability. The isopotential diagram described specific effects of stereoscopic field and electrostatic field on its activity at R1, R2 group. The results of pharmacophore showed that aromatic heterocyclic structures with hydrogen bond receptors and compounds containing aromatic heterocyclic structures in side chain substituents contributed significantly to the activity of compounds. Finally, according to the above model information, 15 new Pim-1 kinase inhibitors were designed, and prediction of the activity and molecular docking mode studies were completed. The prediction pIC50 of 4 molecules was higher than that of the best compound 17. Surflex-Dock analysis showed that the newly designed molecules formed strong hydrogen bond interactions with Pim-1 kinase. The results suggested that the 3D-QSAR model and the pharmacophore model of the Pim-1 kinase inhibitors based on 6-azaindazole ring can be used to guide the structural optimization of novel inhibitor, and to provide theoretical guidance for the future design of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor.
Pim-1 kinase has become a candidate therapeutic target of tumor, which affects tumorigenesis and progression by acting on multiple signaling pathways and targets. To provide a reference for the design of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor, we established computational models via Topomer CoMFA and GALAHAD modules in software SYBYL-X2.1.1, then 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore characteristic elements of 39 Pim-1 kinase inhibitors based on 6-azaindazole ring were studied. The results showed that the q2 and r2 obtained by Topomer CoMFA model were 0.756 and 0.951, respectively. Combined with external validation, it concluded that the 3D-QSAR model has good predictive ability and statistical stability. The isopotential diagram described specific effects of stereoscopic field and electrostatic field on its activity at R1, R2 group. The results of pharmacophore showed that aromatic heterocyclic structures with hydrogen bond receptors and compounds containing aromatic heterocyclic structures in side chain substituents contributed significantly to the activity of compounds. Finally, according to the above model information, 15 new Pim-1 kinase inhibitors were designed, and prediction of the activity and molecular docking mode studies were completed. The prediction pIC50 of 4 molecules was higher than that of the best compound 17. Surflex-Dock analysis showed that the newly designed molecules formed strong hydrogen bond interactions with Pim-1 kinase. The results suggested that the 3D-QSAR model and the pharmacophore model of the Pim-1 kinase inhibitors based on 6-azaindazole ring can be used to guide the structural optimization of novel inhibitor, and to provide theoretical guidance for the future design of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitor.
Optimization of Synthesis Process of Sulfobutyl Ether-β-Cyclodextrin by Response Surface Methodology
2020, 83(12): 1149-1154
Abstract:
Using alkaline electrolyzed water as medium, SBE-β-CD with degree of substitution 3 was synthesized by water bath method and microwave method respectively with β-CD and 1, 4-butane sultone as raw materials. The effects of react temperature, react time and pH of alkaline electrolyzed water on the yield of product were investigated under two different conditions. Using product yield as response value, Box-Behnken response surface design was used to explore the influences of various variables and their interaction on product yield in microwave method, and the prediction model of regression equation was established. The results showed that the reaction time of microwave method was shortened by more than ten hours compared with the water bath method, and the product yield was increased by about 10%~20%. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows:the react temperature was 77℃, the react time was 2.75 h, and pH of alkaline electrolyzed water was 12.7. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the product yield of 70.4% was obtained, which was close to the theoretical prediction value of the model.
Using alkaline electrolyzed water as medium, SBE-β-CD with degree of substitution 3 was synthesized by water bath method and microwave method respectively with β-CD and 1, 4-butane sultone as raw materials. The effects of react temperature, react time and pH of alkaline electrolyzed water on the yield of product were investigated under two different conditions. Using product yield as response value, Box-Behnken response surface design was used to explore the influences of various variables and their interaction on product yield in microwave method, and the prediction model of regression equation was established. The results showed that the reaction time of microwave method was shortened by more than ten hours compared with the water bath method, and the product yield was increased by about 10%~20%. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows:the react temperature was 77℃, the react time was 2.75 h, and pH of alkaline electrolyzed water was 12.7. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the product yield of 70.4% was obtained, which was close to the theoretical prediction value of the model.
2020, 83(12): 1127-1132
Abstract:
The novel compound N-[2-(phenylamino) phenyl]-2-methoxyl pyridine carboxamide (3) was synthesized via three steps, and its structure was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of this compound belongs to monoclinic system, space group P 1 21/n 1 with a=10.6329(18), b=13.026(2), c=12.267(2)Å, Z=4, V=12.267(2)Å3, Mr=319.35, Dc=1.270mg/m3, S=1.027, F(000)=672, μ (Mo Kα)=0.085 mm-1. X-ray crystal structure indicated the presence of intermolecular N(3)-H(3)…O(2) hydrogen bond in the molecule, which plays an important role in stabilizing the crystal structure. The preliminary herbicidal activity bioassay showed that the titled compound 3 had 91.81% inhibition against Barnyard grass at 3000 g a.i/hm2.
The novel compound N-[2-(phenylamino) phenyl]-2-methoxyl pyridine carboxamide (3) was synthesized via three steps, and its structure was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of this compound belongs to monoclinic system, space group P 1 21/n 1 with a=10.6329(18), b=13.026(2), c=12.267(2)Å, Z=4, V=12.267(2)Å3, Mr=319.35, Dc=1.270mg/m3, S=1.027, F(000)=672, μ (Mo Kα)=0.085 mm-1. X-ray crystal structure indicated the presence of intermolecular N(3)-H(3)…O(2) hydrogen bond in the molecule, which plays an important role in stabilizing the crystal structure. The preliminary herbicidal activity bioassay showed that the titled compound 3 had 91.81% inhibition against Barnyard grass at 3000 g a.i/hm2.
2020, 83(12): 1155-1158
Abstract:
In this study, mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSN) was prepared and used for the removal of Mo (Ⅵ) in water. MSN was characterized by scanning electron microscope, mesoporous analyzer and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage and temperature on the removal rate of Mo (Ⅵ) in water were investigated, and the optimal removal condition of Mo (Ⅵ) determined by orthogonal test method was as follows:pH is 3.0, the adsorption time is 36h, MSN dosage is 8.5 g/L. Under optimized adsorption conditions, the removal rate of Mo (Ⅵ) in spiked water by MSN is 93.6%~97.3%.
In this study, mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSN) was prepared and used for the removal of Mo (Ⅵ) in water. MSN was characterized by scanning electron microscope, mesoporous analyzer and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of pH, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage and temperature on the removal rate of Mo (Ⅵ) in water were investigated, and the optimal removal condition of Mo (Ⅵ) determined by orthogonal test method was as follows:pH is 3.0, the adsorption time is 36h, MSN dosage is 8.5 g/L. Under optimized adsorption conditions, the removal rate of Mo (Ⅵ) in spiked water by MSN is 93.6%~97.3%.
2020, 83(12): 1159-1163
Abstract:
The ring-opening polymerization is an important method along the same as the step polymerization and the chain polymerization. There are many superior characteristics for the ring-opening polymerization such as no by-products during polymerizing process, 100% atom utilization, high chain propagation rate, and controllable degradation/depolymerization. Here, the research progress of the ring-opening polymerization, including the successful ring-opening of γ-butyrolactone, living ring-opening polymerization, metathesis ring-opening polymerization, etc, was summarized as a useful supplement to the chapter of "ring-opening polymerization" in the Polymer Chemistry Course for undergraduates. This paper can expand undergraduates' understanding of cutting-edge knowledge and widen the international academic horizon of outstanding undergraduates. Moreover, some additional references were listed as suggestions for further reading.
The ring-opening polymerization is an important method along the same as the step polymerization and the chain polymerization. There are many superior characteristics for the ring-opening polymerization such as no by-products during polymerizing process, 100% atom utilization, high chain propagation rate, and controllable degradation/depolymerization. Here, the research progress of the ring-opening polymerization, including the successful ring-opening of γ-butyrolactone, living ring-opening polymerization, metathesis ring-opening polymerization, etc, was summarized as a useful supplement to the chapter of "ring-opening polymerization" in the Polymer Chemistry Course for undergraduates. This paper can expand undergraduates' understanding of cutting-edge knowledge and widen the international academic horizon of outstanding undergraduates. Moreover, some additional references were listed as suggestions for further reading.
