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2019 Volume 82 Issue 11
2019, 82(11): 963-971
Abstract:
The chemical structure of cyclopropyl is different from straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons or other poly-aliphatic rings. It is often used in the design of drugs. It can increase the efficacy of drugs, enhance the metabolic stability, reduce the miss distance function, enhance receptor affinity, limit the ability of peptide hydrolysis, increase blood brain barrier permeability, reduce plasma clearance and improve the degree of dissociation of the drug (pKa). Drugs with cyclopropyl group have been developed to treat respiratory diseases, mental disorders, endocrine and metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, neurological diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and tumors. The research progress in drugs with cyclopropyl structure is reviewed in this paper.
The chemical structure of cyclopropyl is different from straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons or other poly-aliphatic rings. It is often used in the design of drugs. It can increase the efficacy of drugs, enhance the metabolic stability, reduce the miss distance function, enhance receptor affinity, limit the ability of peptide hydrolysis, increase blood brain barrier permeability, reduce plasma clearance and improve the degree of dissociation of the drug (pKa). Drugs with cyclopropyl group have been developed to treat respiratory diseases, mental disorders, endocrine and metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, neurological diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and tumors. The research progress in drugs with cyclopropyl structure is reviewed in this paper.
2019, 82(11): 972-981
Abstract:
Ruthenium complexes are not only a novel class of antineoplastic agents, but also an active photosensitizers which can be used as probes for detecting structural and functional aspects of nucleic acid chemistry, biological imaging of reactive carbonyl species, sensing amyloid β aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and so on. In light of these, we summarize the recent advances of pharmaceutical research in small molecule ruthenium complexes.
Ruthenium complexes are not only a novel class of antineoplastic agents, but also an active photosensitizers which can be used as probes for detecting structural and functional aspects of nucleic acid chemistry, biological imaging of reactive carbonyl species, sensing amyloid β aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and so on. In light of these, we summarize the recent advances of pharmaceutical research in small molecule ruthenium complexes.
2019, 82(11): 982-988
Abstract:
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered to be the next generation of energy storage devices due to their high energy density, abundant raw materials and low price. However, the development of lithium-sulfur batteries still faces many problems, including the shuttle effect of polysulfide, the poor conductivity of elemental sulfur, the poor coulombic efficiency caused by sulfur volume expansion during charging, the rapid decay of capacity and the corrosion of lithium anode. In recent years, metal oxides have been widely used in the modification of positive electrodes of lithium-sulfur batteries because of their ability to adsorb polysulfides, improving the mutual conversion ability between polysulfides, forming nanoscale structure with a 3D morphology, and playing a key role in the combination of host material and polysulfide. In this paper, the research progress in various metal oxides (transition metal oxides, binary and multi-metal oxides, other metal oxides) for the modification of lithium-sulfur battery cathode composites is reviewed. The application prospect of metal oxides in lithium-sulfur batteries is prospected.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered to be the next generation of energy storage devices due to their high energy density, abundant raw materials and low price. However, the development of lithium-sulfur batteries still faces many problems, including the shuttle effect of polysulfide, the poor conductivity of elemental sulfur, the poor coulombic efficiency caused by sulfur volume expansion during charging, the rapid decay of capacity and the corrosion of lithium anode. In recent years, metal oxides have been widely used in the modification of positive electrodes of lithium-sulfur batteries because of their ability to adsorb polysulfides, improving the mutual conversion ability between polysulfides, forming nanoscale structure with a 3D morphology, and playing a key role in the combination of host material and polysulfide. In this paper, the research progress in various metal oxides (transition metal oxides, binary and multi-metal oxides, other metal oxides) for the modification of lithium-sulfur battery cathode composites is reviewed. The application prospect of metal oxides in lithium-sulfur batteries is prospected.
2019, 82(11): 989-994
Abstract:
Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite materials were synthesized by solvothermal method using Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as cobalt and nickel sources, respectively. NiCo2O4 material could be obtained by calcining as-sgnthesized composite. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET. The results showed that the Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite exhibits flower-like morphology with a specific surface area of 37.48 m2·g-1. The tests of the electrochemical properties showed that the Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite materials have higher specific capacitance and capacity retention than those of NiCo2O4 material. At 0.5 A·g-1, its specific capacitance can reach 1097.8 F·g-1, while that of NiCo2O4 is only 86.1 F·g-1. Therefore, it has better electrochemical properties than the NiCo2O4 obtained by calcining, thus provides a new idea for preparing high performance supercapacitor materials.
Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite materials were synthesized by solvothermal method using Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as cobalt and nickel sources, respectively. NiCo2O4 material could be obtained by calcining as-sgnthesized composite. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET. The results showed that the Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite exhibits flower-like morphology with a specific surface area of 37.48 m2·g-1. The tests of the electrochemical properties showed that the Co(OH)2/Ni(OH)2 composite materials have higher specific capacitance and capacity retention than those of NiCo2O4 material. At 0.5 A·g-1, its specific capacitance can reach 1097.8 F·g-1, while that of NiCo2O4 is only 86.1 F·g-1. Therefore, it has better electrochemical properties than the NiCo2O4 obtained by calcining, thus provides a new idea for preparing high performance supercapacitor materials.
2019, 82(11): 1001-1007, 994
Abstract:
Two p-methylbenzyl tin complexes containing Sn2O2 four-membered ring {[R(O)C=N-N=C(CH2Ph)COO] (p-Me-C6H4CH2)2Sn(CH3OH)}2 (R=p-NO2-C6H4-or C4H3S-) (C1、C2) have been synthesized via the reaction of the 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionic p-nitrobenzoyl arylformylhydrazone and 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionic-2-thiophene arylformylhydrazone with di-p-methylbenzyl tin dichloride, respectively. The complexes C1 and C2 have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR spectra, HRMS, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro inhibitory activities of C1 and C2 on cancer cells NCI-H460, HepG2 and MCF7 were tested. The results showed that C1 and C2 have good inhibitory effects on three kinds of cancer cells, and C1 is slightly better than C2. The interaction between C1 and calf thymus DNA was tested by UV, fluorescence and viscosity methods, the results indicated that the interaction of the complex to DNA is intercalation. Gel electrophoresis studies showed that complex C1 can effectively cleave DNA pBR322.
Two p-methylbenzyl tin complexes containing Sn2O2 four-membered ring {[R(O)C=N-N=C(CH2Ph)COO] (p-Me-C6H4CH2)2Sn(CH3OH)}2 (R=p-NO2-C6H4-or C4H3S-) (C1、C2) have been synthesized via the reaction of the 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionic p-nitrobenzoyl arylformylhydrazone and 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionic-2-thiophene arylformylhydrazone with di-p-methylbenzyl tin dichloride, respectively. The complexes C1 and C2 have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR spectra, HRMS, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro inhibitory activities of C1 and C2 on cancer cells NCI-H460, HepG2 and MCF7 were tested. The results showed that C1 and C2 have good inhibitory effects on three kinds of cancer cells, and C1 is slightly better than C2. The interaction between C1 and calf thymus DNA was tested by UV, fluorescence and viscosity methods, the results indicated that the interaction of the complex to DNA is intercalation. Gel electrophoresis studies showed that complex C1 can effectively cleave DNA pBR322.
2019, 82(11): 1008-1012
Abstract:
Cesium tungsten bronze was synthesized by a hydrothermal method with ammonium paratungstate and cesium nitrate as raw materials. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as both template and reductant in this system. The effects of preparation conditions, such as amount of EDTA, concentration of the precursor, ratio of Cs to W, on the composition and morphology of the products were investigated. The as-synthesized products was applied as catalyst to the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein, and the content of Cs in the cesium tungsten bronze was found to have significant effect on the catalytic property. The product with Cs/W molar ratio of 0.2:1 showed better performance than the others, with a glycerol conversion of 81.3% and a high selectivity of 92.9% to acrolein.
Cesium tungsten bronze was synthesized by a hydrothermal method with ammonium paratungstate and cesium nitrate as raw materials. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as both template and reductant in this system. The effects of preparation conditions, such as amount of EDTA, concentration of the precursor, ratio of Cs to W, on the composition and morphology of the products were investigated. The as-synthesized products was applied as catalyst to the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein, and the content of Cs in the cesium tungsten bronze was found to have significant effect on the catalytic property. The product with Cs/W molar ratio of 0.2:1 showed better performance than the others, with a glycerol conversion of 81.3% and a high selectivity of 92.9% to acrolein.
2019, 82(11): 1013-1018
Abstract:
Kifunensine is an alkaloid isolated from actinomycetes named Kitasatosporia kifunense. It is a neutral and stable compound, and an effective inhibitor of mannosidase I. Kifunensine is currently widely used in the field of drug discovery and has very high commercial value. However, the synthesis of Kifunensine is difficult, and there are problems such as low yield and high synthesis cost. In this paper, the cheap and easily available L-gulonic acid-γ-lactone was used as a raw material to obtain Kifunensine through a series of reactions. One-pot synthesis protocol has been applied in some of the synthetic steps, which makes the operation simple, and the total yield is 4.8%. This novel method provides a probability to the large scale synthesis of Kifunensine.
Kifunensine is an alkaloid isolated from actinomycetes named Kitasatosporia kifunense. It is a neutral and stable compound, and an effective inhibitor of mannosidase I. Kifunensine is currently widely used in the field of drug discovery and has very high commercial value. However, the synthesis of Kifunensine is difficult, and there are problems such as low yield and high synthesis cost. In this paper, the cheap and easily available L-gulonic acid-γ-lactone was used as a raw material to obtain Kifunensine through a series of reactions. One-pot synthesis protocol has been applied in some of the synthetic steps, which makes the operation simple, and the total yield is 4.8%. This novel method provides a probability to the large scale synthesis of Kifunensine.
2019, 82(11): 1019-1026
Abstract:
In this paper, three kinds of multi-hydrogen bond-axis chiral naphthol thiourea were synthesized and used to catalyze the Sulfa-Michael/Aldol reaction of 1, 4-dithiane-2, 5-diol and α, β-unsaturated ketone. Asymmetric synthesis of spiro[tetrahydrothiophene-3-ol] compounds was achieved and the reaction conditions were optimized. When THF is used as solvent, the dosage of catalyst 1a is 20(mol)%, the temperature and reaction time are 25℃ and 8 h, the target products can be obtained with high yield (up to 92%) and good stereoselectivity (up to 85%) and diastereoselectivity (>90:10 dr).
In this paper, three kinds of multi-hydrogen bond-axis chiral naphthol thiourea were synthesized and used to catalyze the Sulfa-Michael/Aldol reaction of 1, 4-dithiane-2, 5-diol and α, β-unsaturated ketone. Asymmetric synthesis of spiro[tetrahydrothiophene-3-ol] compounds was achieved and the reaction conditions were optimized. When THF is used as solvent, the dosage of catalyst 1a is 20(mol)%, the temperature and reaction time are 25℃ and 8 h, the target products can be obtained with high yield (up to 92%) and good stereoselectivity (up to 85%) and diastereoselectivity (>90:10 dr).
2019, 82(11): 1027-1032
Abstract:
Two chalcone derivatives, 1-ferrocenyl-3-(4, 5-benzothiophen-3-yl) acrylic ketone (FBTAK) and 1-ferrocenyl-3-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl) acrylic ketone (FPTAK), were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR-MS. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the titled compounds were investigated by using Z-scan technique. Their geometrical structures, molecular orbital electron cloud images and related energies were calculated by density functional theory. Meanwhile, their UV-Vis absorption spectra and DSC curves were also measured. The molecular hyperpolarizability (γ) of FPTAK is 6.04, 4.3 and 3.7 times higher than those of FBTAK, 1-ferrocenyl-3-(4-t-butylphenyl) acrylic ketone (a) and 1-ferrocenyl-3-biphenylyl acrylic ketone (b), respectively. As far as the structure-activity relationship is concerned, the contribution of phenylthiophene is greater than that of benzothiophene and biphenyl. That is to say, thiophene ring contributes more than benzene ring. The results indicated that intramolecular electron transfer can occur and two compounds both exhibit an ultrafast third-order NLO response.
Two chalcone derivatives, 1-ferrocenyl-3-(4, 5-benzothiophen-3-yl) acrylic ketone (FBTAK) and 1-ferrocenyl-3-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl) acrylic ketone (FPTAK), were successfully synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR-MS. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the titled compounds were investigated by using Z-scan technique. Their geometrical structures, molecular orbital electron cloud images and related energies were calculated by density functional theory. Meanwhile, their UV-Vis absorption spectra and DSC curves were also measured. The molecular hyperpolarizability (γ) of FPTAK is 6.04, 4.3 and 3.7 times higher than those of FBTAK, 1-ferrocenyl-3-(4-t-butylphenyl) acrylic ketone (a) and 1-ferrocenyl-3-biphenylyl acrylic ketone (b), respectively. As far as the structure-activity relationship is concerned, the contribution of phenylthiophene is greater than that of benzothiophene and biphenyl. That is to say, thiophene ring contributes more than benzene ring. The results indicated that intramolecular electron transfer can occur and two compounds both exhibit an ultrafast third-order NLO response.
2019, 82(11): 1033-1037
Abstract:
The flavones in the balls and leaves of platanus were extracted by microwave assisted cloud point extraction. Based on the single factor test, 0.6% tween-80 was applied to study the effects of microwave power, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on extraction rate of total flavones. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:microwave power 410 W, extraction time 7 min and liquid-solid ratio 49:1 mL/g, the average yield of flavonoids was 1.480mg/g. After separation and purification, two compounds were obtained from the flavones mixture, it was found that one compound is 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone(C15H10O5) and another compound is 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (C15H10O6) by spectra analysis appraisal.
The flavones in the balls and leaves of platanus were extracted by microwave assisted cloud point extraction. Based on the single factor test, 0.6% tween-80 was applied to study the effects of microwave power, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on extraction rate of total flavones. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:microwave power 410 W, extraction time 7 min and liquid-solid ratio 49:1 mL/g, the average yield of flavonoids was 1.480mg/g. After separation and purification, two compounds were obtained from the flavones mixture, it was found that one compound is 3, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone(C15H10O5) and another compound is 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (C15H10O6) by spectra analysis appraisal.
2019, 82(11): 1038-1042
Abstract:
In order to investigate the differences in the volatile components of the essential oil of Syringa oblata, Syringa oblata var. alba and Syringa villosa, GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile components in three cloves essential oil. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were carried out to identify the different volatile components. 46, 64 and 56 volatile compounds including alkanes, esters, alcohols, ketones, olefins, phenols and acids were identified from the cloves essential oil, respectively. Among them, 9 volatile components are common. The comparative analysis indicated that esters were the highest in the cloves essential oil samples, followed by alkanes, and the contents of the 2 components varied in 3 cloves essential oil samples. However, the statistical analysis results showed that there is no significant difference in volatile components among the three samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for increasing the application range of cloves essential oil.
In order to investigate the differences in the volatile components of the essential oil of Syringa oblata, Syringa oblata var. alba and Syringa villosa, GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile components in three cloves essential oil. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were carried out to identify the different volatile components. 46, 64 and 56 volatile compounds including alkanes, esters, alcohols, ketones, olefins, phenols and acids were identified from the cloves essential oil, respectively. Among them, 9 volatile components are common. The comparative analysis indicated that esters were the highest in the cloves essential oil samples, followed by alkanes, and the contents of the 2 components varied in 3 cloves essential oil samples. However, the statistical analysis results showed that there is no significant difference in volatile components among the three samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for increasing the application range of cloves essential oil.
2019, 82(11): 995-1000
Abstract:
Three-dimensional porous dendritic Pt films (3D PDPFs) were prepared by cathodic deposition utilizing hydrogen bubble dynamic template at room temperature. The deposition conditions including deposition time, electrolyte and substrate were investigated in detail. The deposited PDPFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared 3D PDPFs have high catalytic activity for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation. After adsorption of pyridine, the material has surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals, and it exhibits super hydrophobic performance after modifying a single layer of n-dodecanethiol. The present method provides a new simple strategy toward the fabrication of 3D PDPFs with multiform applications.
Three-dimensional porous dendritic Pt films (3D PDPFs) were prepared by cathodic deposition utilizing hydrogen bubble dynamic template at room temperature. The deposition conditions including deposition time, electrolyte and substrate were investigated in detail. The deposited PDPFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared 3D PDPFs have high catalytic activity for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation. After adsorption of pyridine, the material has surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals, and it exhibits super hydrophobic performance after modifying a single layer of n-dodecanethiol. The present method provides a new simple strategy toward the fabrication of 3D PDPFs with multiform applications.
2019, 82(11): 1043-1046
Abstract:
Resveratrol exhibits a broad range of biological activities. In order to study new biological agents, three novel (E)-7-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxystyryl)coumarin derivatives (3a~3c) were designed and synthesized starting from resveratrol by Vilsmeier formylation and Knoevenagel condensation. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS, and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory potency of compound 3a is almost equal to that of the positive control dexamethasone, and it has good superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radical scavenging effect.
Resveratrol exhibits a broad range of biological activities. In order to study new biological agents, three novel (E)-7-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxystyryl)coumarin derivatives (3a~3c) were designed and synthesized starting from resveratrol by Vilsmeier formylation and Knoevenagel condensation. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS, and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory potency of compound 3a is almost equal to that of the positive control dexamethasone, and it has good superoxide anion and hydroxyl free radical scavenging effect.
2019, 82(11): 1047-1050
Abstract:
Crystal structure is the top priority in the course of "Foundation of Materials Science" and it is the basis for learning the later professional knowledge. However, this content is abstract as it require learners to have a strong spatial imagination. The three-dimensional (3D) space arrangement of ions/atoms is difficult to express by means of traditional 2D images. In this paper, the teaching of perovskite (CaTiO3) structure is taken as an example. The 3D crystal structure model with good operability is established by using Diamond software and network database. This model can clearly and intuitively display the arrangement of atoms in the crystal structure. By changing the sampling mode of the cube and the central atom of the ligand to construct the crystal structure model at different positions, the crystal structure of the perovskite is comprehensively carried out by the coordinate method, the closest packing method and the polyhedron connection method. These 3D crystal structure models help to improve students' interest and efficiency in learning.
Crystal structure is the top priority in the course of "Foundation of Materials Science" and it is the basis for learning the later professional knowledge. However, this content is abstract as it require learners to have a strong spatial imagination. The three-dimensional (3D) space arrangement of ions/atoms is difficult to express by means of traditional 2D images. In this paper, the teaching of perovskite (CaTiO3) structure is taken as an example. The 3D crystal structure model with good operability is established by using Diamond software and network database. This model can clearly and intuitively display the arrangement of atoms in the crystal structure. By changing the sampling mode of the cube and the central atom of the ligand to construct the crystal structure model at different positions, the crystal structure of the perovskite is comprehensively carried out by the coordinate method, the closest packing method and the polyhedron connection method. These 3D crystal structure models help to improve students' interest and efficiency in learning.
2019, 82(11): 1051-1055
Abstract:
A universal solution is proposed to determine the feasibility of various types of titrations. This solution features unambiguous theory, simple procedure, low memorization, and high efficiency. The efficiency is not affected by changes of parameters such as visual uncertainty or allowance error. For multi-component titrations, the solution is also efficient despite complex calculations that can be completed quickly with the software developed by the author. This solution provides a different approach from the traditional formula-based one to determine the feasibility of titration.
A universal solution is proposed to determine the feasibility of various types of titrations. This solution features unambiguous theory, simple procedure, low memorization, and high efficiency. The efficiency is not affected by changes of parameters such as visual uncertainty or allowance error. For multi-component titrations, the solution is also efficient despite complex calculations that can be completed quickly with the software developed by the author. This solution provides a different approach from the traditional formula-based one to determine the feasibility of titration.
