Login In
2025 Volume 41 Issue 6
2025, 41(6): 1049-1057
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240456
Abstract:
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials, characterized by their unique chiral optical properties, have shown a wide range of potential applications in the fields of 3D display, bioimaging, data storage, and spintronics. However, current research predominantly focuses on the ultraviolet/visible light spectrum, while molecules with near-infrared (NIR) CPL capabilities remain notably scarce. Near-infrared light, which offers deeper penetration and reduced background scattering, holds distinct advantages for bioimaging, detection, and secure communication. Consequently, the development of NIR CPL materials has become an urgent scientific priority. Among the various molecular scaffolds explored, β-isoindigo stands out as an ideal candidate for the development of NIR CPL materials due to its unique structural features and exceptional optical properties. As an isomer of indigo, β-isoindigo possesses abundant sites for structural modification and diverse coordination modes, enabling precise chemical tuning of its electronic structure and optical behavior. Its extended π-conjugated system not only facilitates a reduction in the energy gap to achieve efficient NIR emission but also enhances chiroptical activity through chiral functionalization, thereby improving CPL performance. Based on these attributes, the β-isoindigo framework provides a versatile molecular platform for designing and constructing high-performance NIR CPL materials. This review systematically elucidates recent advances in NIR CPL molecular materials based on the β-isoindigo scaffold, detailing their discovery, synthetic methodologies, and potential future developments. By providing a comprehensive overview, this work aims to inspire further research in this field and contribute to the rational design and optimization of next-generation NIR CPL materials.
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials, characterized by their unique chiral optical properties, have shown a wide range of potential applications in the fields of 3D display, bioimaging, data storage, and spintronics. However, current research predominantly focuses on the ultraviolet/visible light spectrum, while molecules with near-infrared (NIR) CPL capabilities remain notably scarce. Near-infrared light, which offers deeper penetration and reduced background scattering, holds distinct advantages for bioimaging, detection, and secure communication. Consequently, the development of NIR CPL materials has become an urgent scientific priority. Among the various molecular scaffolds explored, β-isoindigo stands out as an ideal candidate for the development of NIR CPL materials due to its unique structural features and exceptional optical properties. As an isomer of indigo, β-isoindigo possesses abundant sites for structural modification and diverse coordination modes, enabling precise chemical tuning of its electronic structure and optical behavior. Its extended π-conjugated system not only facilitates a reduction in the energy gap to achieve efficient NIR emission but also enhances chiroptical activity through chiral functionalization, thereby improving CPL performance. Based on these attributes, the β-isoindigo framework provides a versatile molecular platform for designing and constructing high-performance NIR CPL materials. This review systematically elucidates recent advances in NIR CPL molecular materials based on the β-isoindigo scaffold, detailing their discovery, synthetic methodologies, and potential future developments. By providing a comprehensive overview, this work aims to inspire further research in this field and contribute to the rational design and optimization of next-generation NIR CPL materials.
2025, 41(6): 1058-1067
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240418
Abstract:
A series of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+and Cs2Na1-xKxBiCl6: Mn2+ phosphors were synthesized using a solvothermal method. Crystal structures and optical properties were systematically studied through theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. The results showed that in the Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ system, localized excitation absorption near ultraviolet light centered on the [BiCl6]3- octahedron was observed. With the increase of Mn2+ doping concentration, energy transfer from [BiCl6]3- to Mn2+ promoted electronic transitions between the d orbitals of Mn2+ and produced orange-yellow luminescence. After further introducing K+, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and color purity of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ were enhanced. It was confirmed that the introduction of K+ effectively tuned the density of states composition of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ and promoted the 1S0→3P1, 2 electron transition of [BiCl6]3-, thus enhancing the PL intensity of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+, and the color purity was calculated to be 93.58% using CIE software. The final results suggested that Cs2Na1-xKxBiCl6: Mn2+ had strong orange-yellow luminescent properties.
A series of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+and Cs2Na1-xKxBiCl6: Mn2+ phosphors were synthesized using a solvothermal method. Crystal structures and optical properties were systematically studied through theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. The results showed that in the Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ system, localized excitation absorption near ultraviolet light centered on the [BiCl6]3- octahedron was observed. With the increase of Mn2+ doping concentration, energy transfer from [BiCl6]3- to Mn2+ promoted electronic transitions between the d orbitals of Mn2+ and produced orange-yellow luminescence. After further introducing K+, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and color purity of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ were enhanced. It was confirmed that the introduction of K+ effectively tuned the density of states composition of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+ and promoted the 1S0→3P1, 2 electron transition of [BiCl6]3-, thus enhancing the PL intensity of Cs2NaBiCl6: Mn2+, and the color purity was calculated to be 93.58% using CIE software. The final results suggested that Cs2Na1-xKxBiCl6: Mn2+ had strong orange-yellow luminescent properties.
2025, 41(6): 1068-1082
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250048
Abstract:
A nickel-copper alloy/zinc oxide/nickel foam (NiCu/ZnO/NF) heterojunction structure composite catalyst with abundant active sites was successfully synthesized by the solvothermal-electrodeposition method. The morphology, phase composition, electric catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, photothermal performance, and overall water decomposition performance of the catalyst were tested and analyzed. The experimental results demonstrated that the NiCu/ZnO/NF exhibited excellent HER catalytic performance, requiring only an overpotential of 25 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2. The efficient catalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the NiCu/ZnO heterojunction structure, which accelerates the electron transfer rate and optimizes the HER process. Moreover, the NiCu/ZnO/NF also demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion performance, significantly reducing its HER overpotential under illumination conditions, and the overpotential decreased to 8 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm-2. In addition, the integration of NiCu/ZnO/NF into a self-designed electrolytic cell-thermoelectric device enabled whole water decomposition reaction at a cell voltage as low as 0.88 V at a current density of 50 mA·cm-2.
A nickel-copper alloy/zinc oxide/nickel foam (NiCu/ZnO/NF) heterojunction structure composite catalyst with abundant active sites was successfully synthesized by the solvothermal-electrodeposition method. The morphology, phase composition, electric catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, photothermal performance, and overall water decomposition performance of the catalyst were tested and analyzed. The experimental results demonstrated that the NiCu/ZnO/NF exhibited excellent HER catalytic performance, requiring only an overpotential of 25 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2. The efficient catalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the NiCu/ZnO heterojunction structure, which accelerates the electron transfer rate and optimizes the HER process. Moreover, the NiCu/ZnO/NF also demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion performance, significantly reducing its HER overpotential under illumination conditions, and the overpotential decreased to 8 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm-2. In addition, the integration of NiCu/ZnO/NF into a self-designed electrolytic cell-thermoelectric device enabled whole water decomposition reaction at a cell voltage as low as 0.88 V at a current density of 50 mA·cm-2.
2025, 41(6): 1083-1093
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250008
Abstract:
The NiCoP/PPy/CC composite material composed of nickel-cobalt bimetallic phosphide (NiCoP) and polypyrrole (PPy) was constructed on the surface of carbon cloth (CC) by one-step electrodeposition, and the effect of the addition amount of pyrrole on the morphology, structure, and properties of the material was investigated. When the concentration of pyrrole was 3 mol·L-1, the electrochemical performance of the NiCoP/PPy/CC-3 electrode was the best, with good electrochemical performance in a three-electrode system. At a current density of 4.0 mA·cm-2, the area-specific capacitance of the electrode was 1 068.11 mF·cm-2, and the corresponding mass-specific capacitance was 508.62 F·g-1. After 6 000 cycles at a current density of 8.0 mA·cm-2, the capacitance retention rate was 90.1%. The electrode was applied to a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor. The flexible device could achieve a 180° bending, and the initial specific capacitance of the device remained 88.6% after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 8.0 mA·cm-2. In addition, two asymmetric supercapacitors in series can effectively light up a yellow light-emitting diode (LED).
The NiCoP/PPy/CC composite material composed of nickel-cobalt bimetallic phosphide (NiCoP) and polypyrrole (PPy) was constructed on the surface of carbon cloth (CC) by one-step electrodeposition, and the effect of the addition amount of pyrrole on the morphology, structure, and properties of the material was investigated. When the concentration of pyrrole was 3 mol·L-1, the electrochemical performance of the NiCoP/PPy/CC-3 electrode was the best, with good electrochemical performance in a three-electrode system. At a current density of 4.0 mA·cm-2, the area-specific capacitance of the electrode was 1 068.11 mF·cm-2, and the corresponding mass-specific capacitance was 508.62 F·g-1. After 6 000 cycles at a current density of 8.0 mA·cm-2, the capacitance retention rate was 90.1%. The electrode was applied to a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor. The flexible device could achieve a 180° bending, and the initial specific capacitance of the device remained 88.6% after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 8.0 mA·cm-2. In addition, two asymmetric supercapacitors in series can effectively light up a yellow light-emitting diode (LED).
2025, 41(6): 1094-1100
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240464
Abstract:
Using 2,5-dibromophenyl-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-Br2) as the bridging ligand and through the rapid synthesis method, it was self-assembled with HfCl4 to successfully prepare a three-dimensional porous hafnium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66-Br2-Hf, 1). Firstly, through characterization methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), the excellent structural stability of 1 was confirmed. Subsequently, its proton conductivity, assisted by water molecules, was systematically investigated, and it was found that the proton conductivity of 1 was positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity (RH). At 100 ℃ and 98% RH, its proton conductivity reached 3.11×10-3 S·cm-1. Finally, combined with structural analysis, nitrogen and water vapor adsorption tests, and activation energy calculations, the proton conductivity mechanism of 1 was explored.
Using 2,5-dibromophenyl-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC-Br2) as the bridging ligand and through the rapid synthesis method, it was self-assembled with HfCl4 to successfully prepare a three-dimensional porous hafnium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66-Br2-Hf, 1). Firstly, through characterization methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), the excellent structural stability of 1 was confirmed. Subsequently, its proton conductivity, assisted by water molecules, was systematically investigated, and it was found that the proton conductivity of 1 was positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity (RH). At 100 ℃ and 98% RH, its proton conductivity reached 3.11×10-3 S·cm-1. Finally, combined with structural analysis, nitrogen and water vapor adsorption tests, and activation energy calculations, the proton conductivity mechanism of 1 was explored.
2025, 41(6): 1101-1111
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240441
Abstract:
In this work, based on the catalytic effect of several metal oxides on the decomposition of lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4, LCO), a series of CuMnxO1+1.5x bimetallic oxides with different molar ratios (x) of Mn and Cu were synthesized via the controlled calcination of CuO-Mn2O3 mixture. The structural composition and surface morphology were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalysts were applied in the electrochemical test of LCO at 0.05C within the voltage range of 2.5-4.5 V. Results showed that the charge specific capacity of LCO could be increased to 404.7 mAh·g-1 and delithium potential can be reduced to 4.44 V with the initial Coulombic efficiency of 1.3% over CuMn1.1O2.7 catalyst, which could match with the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) materials as a cathode prelithiation additive. The rate-determining step of LCO decomposition and the mechanism of the catalyst were revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Subsequently, a certain amount of LCO/CuMn1.1O2.7 was added to the LFP slurry, and the corresponding electrochemical performance was tested by assembling half-cells. It was found that under the optimal lithium supplement content, the initial charge capacity of the LFP electrode was 205.9 mAh·g-1, and the practical capacity utilization of LCO could reach 74.1%. Moreover, the cycle performance of LFP can also be improved by using an LCO prelithiation additive.
In this work, based on the catalytic effect of several metal oxides on the decomposition of lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4, LCO), a series of CuMnxO1+1.5x bimetallic oxides with different molar ratios (x) of Mn and Cu were synthesized via the controlled calcination of CuO-Mn2O3 mixture. The structural composition and surface morphology were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalysts were applied in the electrochemical test of LCO at 0.05C within the voltage range of 2.5-4.5 V. Results showed that the charge specific capacity of LCO could be increased to 404.7 mAh·g-1 and delithium potential can be reduced to 4.44 V with the initial Coulombic efficiency of 1.3% over CuMn1.1O2.7 catalyst, which could match with the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) materials as a cathode prelithiation additive. The rate-determining step of LCO decomposition and the mechanism of the catalyst were revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Subsequently, a certain amount of LCO/CuMn1.1O2.7 was added to the LFP slurry, and the corresponding electrochemical performance was tested by assembling half-cells. It was found that under the optimal lithium supplement content, the initial charge capacity of the LFP electrode was 205.9 mAh·g-1, and the practical capacity utilization of LCO could reach 74.1%. Moreover, the cycle performance of LFP can also be improved by using an LCO prelithiation additive.
2025, 41(6): 1112-1122
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240423
Abstract:
Here, we report a near-infrared fluorescent probe, NSHD, which can be easily obtained through a one-step synthesis from a commercial dye. It quickly responded to peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) both in fluorescence and in colorimetric manners, with negligible interference from other common biological relative species or pH variations under physiological conditions. A good linear relationship was observed between emission intensity and concentration of ONOO- in a range of 0-20 μmol·L-1. The results of MS tests indicated that oxidative cleavages occurred upon ONOO- exposure, resulting in changes to probe emission and color. NSHD successfully imaged the fluctuations of ONOO- in living HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cells), treated by SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) or co-incubated by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ).
Here, we report a near-infrared fluorescent probe, NSHD, which can be easily obtained through a one-step synthesis from a commercial dye. It quickly responded to peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) both in fluorescence and in colorimetric manners, with negligible interference from other common biological relative species or pH variations under physiological conditions. A good linear relationship was observed between emission intensity and concentration of ONOO- in a range of 0-20 μmol·L-1. The results of MS tests indicated that oxidative cleavages occurred upon ONOO- exposure, resulting in changes to probe emission and color. NSHD successfully imaged the fluctuations of ONOO- in living HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cells), treated by SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) or co-incubated by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ).
2025, 41(6): 1123-1130
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240440
Abstract:
Nitrogen-doped CeO2 thin films were synthesized by the ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) technique, and their photocatalytic performances were studied. The synthesized thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Results showed that the IBAD technology enabled homogenous doping in the whole bulk of CeO2 thin films, with a significantly higher nitrogen content than traditional nitrogen doping methods. Nitrogen ion bombardment on the growing film surface did not alter the crystal structure of the films—instead, the heavy nitrogen doping induced a smaller grain size of CeO2. Additionally, with the increase of N doping, the surface became smoother with a smaller particle size. The heavy nitrogen doping also induced a redshift of the visible light absorbance edge from 370 to 480 nm, significantly enhancing the visible light absorption performance of CeO2 thin films. Photocatalytic degradation tests of methylene blue showed that after 120 min of visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of methylene blue in the solution exceeded 90% and was maintained at ca. 86% even after 6 cycles, demonstrating excellent visible light photocatalytic stability.
Nitrogen-doped CeO2 thin films were synthesized by the ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) technique, and their photocatalytic performances were studied. The synthesized thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Results showed that the IBAD technology enabled homogenous doping in the whole bulk of CeO2 thin films, with a significantly higher nitrogen content than traditional nitrogen doping methods. Nitrogen ion bombardment on the growing film surface did not alter the crystal structure of the films—instead, the heavy nitrogen doping induced a smaller grain size of CeO2. Additionally, with the increase of N doping, the surface became smoother with a smaller particle size. The heavy nitrogen doping also induced a redshift of the visible light absorbance edge from 370 to 480 nm, significantly enhancing the visible light absorption performance of CeO2 thin films. Photocatalytic degradation tests of methylene blue showed that after 120 min of visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of methylene blue in the solution exceeded 90% and was maintained at ca. 86% even after 6 cycles, demonstrating excellent visible light photocatalytic stability.
2025, 41(6): 1131-1140
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240419
Abstract:
The green solvent water was used to dissolve CsBr, to improve its solubility, simplify the preparation process of CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells, and enhance the quality of thin films. The results showed that under the conditions of a residence time of 5 s and an annealing temperature of 250 ℃, the device prepared by spin coating a CsBr aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 250 mg·mL-1 had the best performance, achieving a maximum open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.64 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 7.55 mA·cm-2, a fill factor (FF) of 85.46%, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.51%.
The green solvent water was used to dissolve CsBr, to improve its solubility, simplify the preparation process of CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells, and enhance the quality of thin films. The results showed that under the conditions of a residence time of 5 s and an annealing temperature of 250 ℃, the device prepared by spin coating a CsBr aqueous solution with a mass concentration of 250 mg·mL-1 had the best performance, achieving a maximum open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.64 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 7.55 mA·cm-2, a fill factor (FF) of 85.46%, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.51%.
2025, 41(6): 1141-1150
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240258
Abstract:
Two new tetranuclea Sm(Ⅲ)-based complexes with the formula [Sm4(L1)6(acac)4(μ3-OH)2]·CH3CN (1) and [Sm4(L2)6(acac)4(μ3-OH)2]·CH3CN (2) (Hacac=acetylacetone) have been constructed via the solvothermal method by using Schiff base ligands 5-[(4-ethylbenzylidene)amino]quinolin-8-ol (HL1) and 5-{[(1, 1′-biphenyl)-4-ylmethylene] amino}quinolin-8-ol (HL2) reacting with Sm(acac)3·2H2O. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that complexes 1 and 2 have similar structures, and their structures are mainly composed of four Sm(Ⅲ) ions, four acac- ions, six L1- or L2- ions, and two μ3-OH- ions. The four central Sm(Ⅲ) ions are connected by six μ2-O atoms and two μ3-OH- atoms forming a rhombic Sm4 core. The interaction between clusters 1 and 2 and calf thymus DNA (CTDNA) was studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that complexes 1 and 2 could bind to CTDNA mainly by intercalation.
Two new tetranuclea Sm(Ⅲ)-based complexes with the formula [Sm4(L1)6(acac)4(μ3-OH)2]·CH3CN (1) and [Sm4(L2)6(acac)4(μ3-OH)2]·CH3CN (2) (Hacac=acetylacetone) have been constructed via the solvothermal method by using Schiff base ligands 5-[(4-ethylbenzylidene)amino]quinolin-8-ol (HL1) and 5-{[(1, 1′-biphenyl)-4-ylmethylene] amino}quinolin-8-ol (HL2) reacting with Sm(acac)3·2H2O. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that complexes 1 and 2 have similar structures, and their structures are mainly composed of four Sm(Ⅲ) ions, four acac- ions, six L1- or L2- ions, and two μ3-OH- ions. The four central Sm(Ⅲ) ions are connected by six μ2-O atoms and two μ3-OH- atoms forming a rhombic Sm4 core. The interaction between clusters 1 and 2 and calf thymus DNA (CTDNA) was studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that complexes 1 and 2 could bind to CTDNA mainly by intercalation.
2025, 41(6): 1151-1161
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240202
Abstract:
A green composite film (RCewp/rGO) made from regenerated waste paper cellulose (RCewp) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was designed and used as an active material. The film produced from recycled paper demonstrated a stable maximum peak current of 10 μA over a 7 000 s cycle, with a maximum output power of 2.34 μW·cm-2 at a 100 Ω load. Additionally, the research highlighted the significant impact of metallic current collectors on moisture electricity generation. Notably, stainless steel collectors can produce an open-circuit voltage of up to 53 mV at 70% relative humidity (RH), as the redox reactions at the collector enhance current and voltage output under humid conditions. Furthermore, this moisture electricity generation film exhibited excellent performance when combined with magnesium-air batteries: at a 50% of RH, the RCewp/rGO electrode could generate an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of up to 1.37 V and a short-circuit current density of 0.132 mA·cm-2. When the RH increased to 90%, the Voc further rose to 1.57 V, with a short-circuit current density of 64.2 mA·cm-2. In contrast, the Mg-filter paper-Ni electrode, which was not connected to the moisture electricity generation film, only produced an output power and short-circuit current of 3.76×10-4 mW and 0.306 μA·cm-2, respectively.
A green composite film (RCewp/rGO) made from regenerated waste paper cellulose (RCewp) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was designed and used as an active material. The film produced from recycled paper demonstrated a stable maximum peak current of 10 μA over a 7 000 s cycle, with a maximum output power of 2.34 μW·cm-2 at a 100 Ω load. Additionally, the research highlighted the significant impact of metallic current collectors on moisture electricity generation. Notably, stainless steel collectors can produce an open-circuit voltage of up to 53 mV at 70% relative humidity (RH), as the redox reactions at the collector enhance current and voltage output under humid conditions. Furthermore, this moisture electricity generation film exhibited excellent performance when combined with magnesium-air batteries: at a 50% of RH, the RCewp/rGO electrode could generate an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of up to 1.37 V and a short-circuit current density of 0.132 mA·cm-2. When the RH increased to 90%, the Voc further rose to 1.57 V, with a short-circuit current density of 64.2 mA·cm-2. In contrast, the Mg-filter paper-Ni electrode, which was not connected to the moisture electricity generation film, only produced an output power and short-circuit current of 3.76×10-4 mW and 0.306 μA·cm-2, respectively.
2025, 41(6): 1162-1172
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250081
Abstract:
The abnormal metabolic activity of the tumor can increase the oxygen consumption in tumor cells, and the poor blood perfusion often happens in tumor regions as well, which are the main reasons that result in a hypoxic situation in the tumor. A fluorescence probe, AQD, with selective response toward hypoxia was designed for the detection of hypoxic tumor cells, which was obtained by the covalent connection of a large planar conjugated fluorophore with good fluorescence stability and a N, N-dimethylaniline moiety via the azo bond. The introduction of the azo bond in AQD caused significant fluorescence emission quenching, and the probe was reduced under hypoxic conditions to release the fluorophore via breaking the azo bond, resulting in the gradual recovery of fluorescence emission. Probe AQD exhibited a remarkable fluorescence response in hypoxic conditions, high selectivity, and good biocompatibility, which was successfully used for the imaging of hypoxic tumor cells and realized the detection of hypoxic A549 cells.
The abnormal metabolic activity of the tumor can increase the oxygen consumption in tumor cells, and the poor blood perfusion often happens in tumor regions as well, which are the main reasons that result in a hypoxic situation in the tumor. A fluorescence probe, AQD, with selective response toward hypoxia was designed for the detection of hypoxic tumor cells, which was obtained by the covalent connection of a large planar conjugated fluorophore with good fluorescence stability and a N, N-dimethylaniline moiety via the azo bond. The introduction of the azo bond in AQD caused significant fluorescence emission quenching, and the probe was reduced under hypoxic conditions to release the fluorophore via breaking the azo bond, resulting in the gradual recovery of fluorescence emission. Probe AQD exhibited a remarkable fluorescence response in hypoxic conditions, high selectivity, and good biocompatibility, which was successfully used for the imaging of hypoxic tumor cells and realized the detection of hypoxic A549 cells.
2025, 41(6): 1173-1182
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250112
Abstract:
In this study, a self-calibrating near-infrared fluorescence probe was designed and synthesized based on the dual-fluorophore strategy utilizing methylene blue and coumarin. The probe utilized methylene blue (emission spectrum range: 640-740 nm) and coumarin fluorophore (emission spectrum range: 440-600 nm) as signal output units, thereby achieving effective spectral separation and highly selective detection of HClO. Under physiological pH conditions, HClO triggers an oxidation-cleavage reaction, releasing methylene blue and coumarin, which emit distinct red and green fluorescence, respectively. This dualemission feature enabled rapid HClO detection with two-channel detection limits of 25.13 nmol·L-1 (green channel) and 31.55 nmol·L-1 (red channel). Furthermore, in cell imaging experiments, this probe demonstrated excellent cell membrane permeability and low cytotoxicity, successfully enabling the monitoring of both endogenous and exogenous HClO in living cells. By incorporating a two-channel self-calibration system, the probe effectively mitigated signal variations caused by instrumental or environmental interference, substantially improving detection sensitivity and reliability.
In this study, a self-calibrating near-infrared fluorescence probe was designed and synthesized based on the dual-fluorophore strategy utilizing methylene blue and coumarin. The probe utilized methylene blue (emission spectrum range: 640-740 nm) and coumarin fluorophore (emission spectrum range: 440-600 nm) as signal output units, thereby achieving effective spectral separation and highly selective detection of HClO. Under physiological pH conditions, HClO triggers an oxidation-cleavage reaction, releasing methylene blue and coumarin, which emit distinct red and green fluorescence, respectively. This dualemission feature enabled rapid HClO detection with two-channel detection limits of 25.13 nmol·L-1 (green channel) and 31.55 nmol·L-1 (red channel). Furthermore, in cell imaging experiments, this probe demonstrated excellent cell membrane permeability and low cytotoxicity, successfully enabling the monitoring of both endogenous and exogenous HClO in living cells. By incorporating a two-channel self-calibration system, the probe effectively mitigated signal variations caused by instrumental or environmental interference, substantially improving detection sensitivity and reliability.
2025, 41(6): 1183-1195
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250034
Abstract:
A low-cost 1D cobalt-based coordination polymer (CP) [Co(BGPD)(DMSO)2(H2O)2] (Co-BD; H2BGPD=N, N'-bis(glycinyl)pyromellitic diimide; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide) was synthesized by a simple method, and its crystal structure was characterized. In a three-electrode system, Co-BD, as the electrode material for supercapacitors, achieved a specific capacitance of 830 F·g-1 at 1 A·g-1, equivalent to a specific capacity of 116.4 mAh·g-1, and exhibited high-rate capability, reaching 212 F·g-1 at 20 A·g-1. Impressively, Co-BD||rGO (reduced graphene oxide), representing an asymmetrical supercapacitor, owns a higher energy density of 14.2 Wh·kg-1 at 0.80 kW·kg-1, and an excellent cycle performance (After 4 000 cycles at 1 A·g-1, the capacitance retention was up to 94%).
A low-cost 1D cobalt-based coordination polymer (CP) [Co(BGPD)(DMSO)2(H2O)2] (Co-BD; H2BGPD=N, N'-bis(glycinyl)pyromellitic diimide; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide) was synthesized by a simple method, and its crystal structure was characterized. In a three-electrode system, Co-BD, as the electrode material for supercapacitors, achieved a specific capacitance of 830 F·g-1 at 1 A·g-1, equivalent to a specific capacity of 116.4 mAh·g-1, and exhibited high-rate capability, reaching 212 F·g-1 at 20 A·g-1. Impressively, Co-BD||rGO (reduced graphene oxide), representing an asymmetrical supercapacitor, owns a higher energy density of 14.2 Wh·kg-1 at 0.80 kW·kg-1, and an excellent cycle performance (After 4 000 cycles at 1 A·g-1, the capacitance retention was up to 94%).
2025, 41(6): 1196-1206
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240445
Abstract:
Iron (Fe) nanoparticles and graphite (Gr) with different masses of bismuth trisulfide (Bi2S3) were mixed by high-energy ball milling treatment to fabricate the corresponding composite iron anodes Bi2S3@Fe-Gr. The hydrogen evolution reaction and iron passivation process on these iron electrodes were investigated in alkaline and neutral solutions. The iron electrode Bi2S3-3@Fe-Gr (The additional amount of Bi2S3 was 3 mg) revealed the strongest ability to inhibit hydrogen evolution among the iron electrodes of the present investigation, while the Bi2S3-6@Fe-Gr electrode (The additional amount of Bi2S3 was 6 mg) delivered significant performance in inhibiting anodic passivation. This is because the high-energy ball milling process leads to the well-dispersion of Bi2S3 and the changes in the surface of Fe nanoparticles, thereby slowing down the passivation of the iron electrode surface.
Iron (Fe) nanoparticles and graphite (Gr) with different masses of bismuth trisulfide (Bi2S3) were mixed by high-energy ball milling treatment to fabricate the corresponding composite iron anodes Bi2S3@Fe-Gr. The hydrogen evolution reaction and iron passivation process on these iron electrodes were investigated in alkaline and neutral solutions. The iron electrode Bi2S3-3@Fe-Gr (The additional amount of Bi2S3 was 3 mg) revealed the strongest ability to inhibit hydrogen evolution among the iron electrodes of the present investigation, while the Bi2S3-6@Fe-Gr electrode (The additional amount of Bi2S3 was 6 mg) delivered significant performance in inhibiting anodic passivation. This is because the high-energy ball milling process leads to the well-dispersion of Bi2S3 and the changes in the surface of Fe nanoparticles, thereby slowing down the passivation of the iron electrode surface.
2025, 41(6): 1207-1216
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250005
Abstract:
Two new complexes, [Zn2(L1)(HL1)(NO3)]·CH3OH (1) and [Zn3(L2)(L3)3Cl]·CH3OH (2), were successfully synthesized by'one-pot'method based on cinnoline-3-ylhydrazine ligand and zinc with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenz-aldehyde and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde ligands, respectively, where H2L1=5-methoxy-2-(phthalazin-1-yl-hydrazonomethyl)-phenol, H2L2=2-methoxy-6-(phthalazin-1-yl-hydrazonomethyl)-phenol, HL3=2-(1, 8-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-α]phthalazin-3-yl)-6-methoxy-phenol. Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, etc. It is worth noting that the cinnolin-3-yl-hydrazine ligand and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde form two types of Schiff bases (H2L2 and HL3) when in situ reacting and coordinating with Zn(Ⅱ), and HL3 also has two coordination modes. In addition, the fluorescence performance showed that complex 1 can achieve selective and sensitive sensing of Al3+ in water with a detection limit of 6.37 μmol·L-1.
Two new complexes, [Zn2(L1)(HL1)(NO3)]·CH3OH (1) and [Zn3(L2)(L3)3Cl]·CH3OH (2), were successfully synthesized by'one-pot'method based on cinnoline-3-ylhydrazine ligand and zinc with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenz-aldehyde and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde ligands, respectively, where H2L1=5-methoxy-2-(phthalazin-1-yl-hydrazonomethyl)-phenol, H2L2=2-methoxy-6-(phthalazin-1-yl-hydrazonomethyl)-phenol, HL3=2-(1, 8-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-α]phthalazin-3-yl)-6-methoxy-phenol. Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, etc. It is worth noting that the cinnolin-3-yl-hydrazine ligand and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde form two types of Schiff bases (H2L2 and HL3) when in situ reacting and coordinating with Zn(Ⅱ), and HL3 also has two coordination modes. In addition, the fluorescence performance showed that complex 1 can achieve selective and sensitive sensing of Al3+ in water with a detection limit of 6.37 μmol·L-1.
2025, 41(6): 1217-1226
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240457
Abstract:
A novel coordination polymer (CP) {[Cd2(L)(1,4-bimb)1.5(DMF)2]·DMF}n (1) (H4L=5, 5′-[1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diylbis(oxy)]diisophthalic acid, 1,4-bimb=1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-benzene) has been designed and synthesized through solvothermal reaction. Structural analysis shows that Cd(Ⅱ) is connected by H4L and 1,4-bimb to form a 2D network, and 1,4-bimb further expands the 2D network into a 3D framework. CP 1 can be used as an excellent fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), with low detection limits and good anti-interference. The detection limits of Fe3+ and 4-NP were 0.034 and 0.031 μmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, the fluorescence quenching mechanism was studied. 1 was successfully applied to determine Fe3+ and 4-NP content in the Yanhe River water sample.
A novel coordination polymer (CP) {[Cd2(L)(1,4-bimb)1.5(DMF)2]·DMF}n (1) (H4L=5, 5′-[1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diylbis(oxy)]diisophthalic acid, 1,4-bimb=1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-benzene) has been designed and synthesized through solvothermal reaction. Structural analysis shows that Cd(Ⅱ) is connected by H4L and 1,4-bimb to form a 2D network, and 1,4-bimb further expands the 2D network into a 3D framework. CP 1 can be used as an excellent fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), with low detection limits and good anti-interference. The detection limits of Fe3+ and 4-NP were 0.034 and 0.031 μmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, the fluorescence quenching mechanism was studied. 1 was successfully applied to determine Fe3+ and 4-NP content in the Yanhe River water sample.
2025, 41(6): 1227-1234
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240448
Abstract:
The reaction of Mg2+ and 5-{1, 3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl}terephthalic acid (H2L) leads to two metal-organic frameworks, [Mg(L)(DMF)2(H2O)2]2·5DMF·2H2O (1) with a 1D structure and [Mg2(L)2(DMSO)3(H2O)] (2) with a 2D (4, 4)-net structure. Interestingly, the two compounds exhibit distinct luminescent responses to external mechanical stimuli. 1 exhibited exceptional resistance mechanical chromic luminescence (RMCL), which can be attributed to the predominant hydrogen bonds and the presence of high-boiling-point solvent molecules within its structure. 2 had a reversible MCL property, which can be attributed to the dominant π-π weak interactions, coupled with the reversible destruction/restoration of its crystallinity under grinding/fumigation.
The reaction of Mg2+ and 5-{1, 3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl}terephthalic acid (H2L) leads to two metal-organic frameworks, [Mg(L)(DMF)2(H2O)2]2·5DMF·2H2O (1) with a 1D structure and [Mg2(L)2(DMSO)3(H2O)] (2) with a 2D (4, 4)-net structure. Interestingly, the two compounds exhibit distinct luminescent responses to external mechanical stimuli. 1 exhibited exceptional resistance mechanical chromic luminescence (RMCL), which can be attributed to the predominant hydrogen bonds and the presence of high-boiling-point solvent molecules within its structure. 2 had a reversible MCL property, which can be attributed to the dominant π-π weak interactions, coupled with the reversible destruction/restoration of its crystallinity under grinding/fumigation.
2025, 41(6): 1235-1244
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240429
Abstract:
We have examined the theoretical implications of combining two main and three auxiliary ligands to form several Ir(Ⅲ) complexes featuring a transition metal as their core atom to identify some appropriate organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials. By utilizing electronic structure, frontier molecular orbitals, minimum single-line absorption, triplet excited states, and emission spectral data derived from the density functional theory, the usefulness of these Ir(Ⅲ) complexes, including (piq)2Ir(acac), (piq)2Ir(tmd), (piq)2Ir(tpip), (fpiq)2Ir(acac), (fpiq)2Ir(tmd), and (fpiq)2Ir(tpip), in OLEDs was examined, where piq=1-phenylisoquinoline, fpiq=1-(4-fluorophenyl) isoquinoline, acac=(3Z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one, tmd=(4Z)-5-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylhept-4-en-3-one, and tpip=tetraphenylimido-diphosphonate. These complexes all have low-efficiency roll-off properties, especially (fpiq)2Ir(tpip). Some researchers have successfully synthesized complexes extremely similar to (piq)2Ir(acac) through the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.
We have examined the theoretical implications of combining two main and three auxiliary ligands to form several Ir(Ⅲ) complexes featuring a transition metal as their core atom to identify some appropriate organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials. By utilizing electronic structure, frontier molecular orbitals, minimum single-line absorption, triplet excited states, and emission spectral data derived from the density functional theory, the usefulness of these Ir(Ⅲ) complexes, including (piq)2Ir(acac), (piq)2Ir(tmd), (piq)2Ir(tpip), (fpiq)2Ir(acac), (fpiq)2Ir(tmd), and (fpiq)2Ir(tpip), in OLEDs was examined, where piq=1-phenylisoquinoline, fpiq=1-(4-fluorophenyl) isoquinoline, acac=(3Z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one, tmd=(4Z)-5-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylhept-4-en-3-one, and tpip=tetraphenylimido-diphosphonate. These complexes all have low-efficiency roll-off properties, especially (fpiq)2Ir(tpip). Some researchers have successfully synthesized complexes extremely similar to (piq)2Ir(acac) through the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.
2025, 41(6): 1245-1255
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20240389
Abstract:
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glycine (Gly) dual-ligand-modified copper nanoclusters (BSA-Gly CuNCs) with high fluorescence intensity were synthesized by a one-pot strategy. Based on the competitive fluorescence quenching and dynamic quenching effects of ornidazole (ONZ) on BSA-Gly CuNCs, a simple and sensitive detection method for ONZ was successfully developed. The experimental results demonstrate that the addition of the small molecule Gly can more effectively protect CuNCs, and thus enhance its fluorescence intensity and stability. The proposed assay allowed for the detection of ONZ in a linear range of 0.28 to 52.60 μmol·L-1 and a detection limit of 0.069 μmol·L-1. Compared with the single-ligand-modified CuNCs, dual-ligand-modified BSA-Gly CuNCs had higher fluorescence intensity, stability, and sensing ability and were successfully applied to evaluate ONZ in actual ONZ tablets.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glycine (Gly) dual-ligand-modified copper nanoclusters (BSA-Gly CuNCs) with high fluorescence intensity were synthesized by a one-pot strategy. Based on the competitive fluorescence quenching and dynamic quenching effects of ornidazole (ONZ) on BSA-Gly CuNCs, a simple and sensitive detection method for ONZ was successfully developed. The experimental results demonstrate that the addition of the small molecule Gly can more effectively protect CuNCs, and thus enhance its fluorescence intensity and stability. The proposed assay allowed for the detection of ONZ in a linear range of 0.28 to 52.60 μmol·L-1 and a detection limit of 0.069 μmol·L-1. Compared with the single-ligand-modified CuNCs, dual-ligand-modified BSA-Gly CuNCs had higher fluorescence intensity, stability, and sensing ability and were successfully applied to evaluate ONZ in actual ONZ tablets.
