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2025 Volume 40 Issue 5
2025, 40(5): 1-8
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404002
Abstract:
That the current theoretical and experimental teaching contents of applied chemistry major is similar to that of chemistry major does not meet the needs of the training of applied talents. In this paper, the historical development of the suggestions on the teaching contents of applied chemistry major was summarized. On analyzing the needs of professional certification standards and the development of professional characteristics, the suggestions on the theoretical and experimental teaching contents of applied chemistry major are put forward. Some suggestions on the curriculum system and practical teaching of applied chemistry are also presented. It is of reference significance for the applied chemistry majors to better cultivate the applied and applied research talents.
That the current theoretical and experimental teaching contents of applied chemistry major is similar to that of chemistry major does not meet the needs of the training of applied talents. In this paper, the historical development of the suggestions on the teaching contents of applied chemistry major was summarized. On analyzing the needs of professional certification standards and the development of professional characteristics, the suggestions on the theoretical and experimental teaching contents of applied chemistry major are put forward. Some suggestions on the curriculum system and practical teaching of applied chemistry are also presented. It is of reference significance for the applied chemistry majors to better cultivate the applied and applied research talents.
2025, 40(5): 9-14
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202502114
Abstract:
In order to promote the construction of the first-class course of chemical experiment and improve the construction level and teaching effectiveness of the experimental teaching, the virtual teaching and research office of the Reform Research of Chemical Experiment Teaching of the Ministry of Education decided to give suggestions on standards for the construction and evaluation of the first-class course of chemical experiment teaching. The standard suggestions which mainly concerns teaching concept, contents, resources, methods and means, evaluation and characteristic construction have certain guiding significance for promoting the reform and construction of experimental teaching.
In order to promote the construction of the first-class course of chemical experiment and improve the construction level and teaching effectiveness of the experimental teaching, the virtual teaching and research office of the Reform Research of Chemical Experiment Teaching of the Ministry of Education decided to give suggestions on standards for the construction and evaluation of the first-class course of chemical experiment teaching. The standard suggestions which mainly concerns teaching concept, contents, resources, methods and means, evaluation and characteristic construction have certain guiding significance for promoting the reform and construction of experimental teaching.
2025, 40(5): 15-22
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412103
Abstract:
Laboratory safety is the basic content of chemical professional knowledge system. The suggestions clarify teaching objectives of laboratory safety course for chemistry majors. Specific teaching content and teaching requirements including knowledge, ability and quality that should be achieved are suggested. Colleges and universities can refer to the suggestions to further optimize chemical laboratory safety teaching, and consolidate laboratory safety foundation for experimental teaching and scientific research.
Laboratory safety is the basic content of chemical professional knowledge system. The suggestions clarify teaching objectives of laboratory safety course for chemistry majors. Specific teaching content and teaching requirements including knowledge, ability and quality that should be achieved are suggested. Colleges and universities can refer to the suggestions to further optimize chemical laboratory safety teaching, and consolidate laboratory safety foundation for experimental teaching and scientific research.
2025, 40(5): 23-31
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405120
Abstract:
This proposal aims to comprehensively implement the National Teaching Standards for Chemistry Majors and the guidelines from the Ministry of Education’s Instructional Committee for Higher Chemistry Education. It focuses on enhancing the quality of inorganic chemistry experimental teaching, and promoting reform and construction in this area. The suggestions include clear teaching objectives, recommended experimental contents, and specific teaching requirements to achieve targeted knowledge, skills, and competencies. Universities are encouraged to use these recommendations to optimize their inorganic chemistry experimental teaching and elevate the overall quality of experimental education.
This proposal aims to comprehensively implement the National Teaching Standards for Chemistry Majors and the guidelines from the Ministry of Education’s Instructional Committee for Higher Chemistry Education. It focuses on enhancing the quality of inorganic chemistry experimental teaching, and promoting reform and construction in this area. The suggestions include clear teaching objectives, recommended experimental contents, and specific teaching requirements to achieve targeted knowledge, skills, and competencies. Universities are encouraged to use these recommendations to optimize their inorganic chemistry experimental teaching and elevate the overall quality of experimental education.
2025, 40(5): 32-39
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503099
Abstract:
During the process of chemical synthesis and analytical determination, the pH of the solution is one of the important factors affecting the experimental results. Mastering the method of measuring the pH of a solution proficiently is a basic experimental skill that students majoring in chemistry in colleges and universities must possess. This paper introduces the types, working principles, and usage methods of pH test papers and pH meters, and puts forward standardized suggestions for the specific operations during the measurement process.
During the process of chemical synthesis and analytical determination, the pH of the solution is one of the important factors affecting the experimental results. Mastering the method of measuring the pH of a solution proficiently is a basic experimental skill that students majoring in chemistry in colleges and universities must possess. This paper introduces the types, working principles, and usage methods of pH test papers and pH meters, and puts forward standardized suggestions for the specific operations during the measurement process.
2025, 40(5): 40-54
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411053
Abstract:
This paper analyzes and compares the commonalities and specific characteristics of various distillation techniques, including normal pressure distillation, air-condensation distillation, distillation of flammable and explosive low-boiling organics, reduced pressure distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and rotary evaporation. The scope and conditions for applying each experimental operation are clarified, and detailed standard operating recommendations are provided for each type of distillation. Additionally, common non-standard or incorrect practices are highlighted. These standardization suggestions are scientific, reasonable, and highly applicable, contributing to improved experimental efficiency, success rates, and overall safety.
This paper analyzes and compares the commonalities and specific characteristics of various distillation techniques, including normal pressure distillation, air-condensation distillation, distillation of flammable and explosive low-boiling organics, reduced pressure distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and rotary evaporation. The scope and conditions for applying each experimental operation are clarified, and detailed standard operating recommendations are provided for each type of distillation. Additionally, common non-standard or incorrect practices are highlighted. These standardization suggestions are scientific, reasonable, and highly applicable, contributing to improved experimental efficiency, success rates, and overall safety.
2025, 40(5): 55-65
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202410039
Abstract:
Extraction, washing, and drying are fundamental components of organic chemistry laboratory. Proficiently mastering and applying extraction and washing techniques to separate and purify organic compounds is an essential experimental skill that chemistry undergraduates must acquire. Due to the lack of unified and clear operating standards, actual teaching and experimental processes may lead to deviations in results, reagent waste, and even safety incidents. This article provides basic operational guidelines and standard recommendations for extraction, washing, and subsequent drying experiments in organic chemistry, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic colleagues engaged in laboratory teaching and scientific research.
Extraction, washing, and drying are fundamental components of organic chemistry laboratory. Proficiently mastering and applying extraction and washing techniques to separate and purify organic compounds is an essential experimental skill that chemistry undergraduates must acquire. Due to the lack of unified and clear operating standards, actual teaching and experimental processes may lead to deviations in results, reagent waste, and even safety incidents. This article provides basic operational guidelines and standard recommendations for extraction, washing, and subsequent drying experiments in organic chemistry, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic colleagues engaged in laboratory teaching and scientific research.
2025, 40(5): 66-75
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503126
Abstract:
This article conducts a comprehensive and in-depth introduction of the basic recrystallization operations commonly used in organic chemistry experiments, covering the principles of recrystallization, solvent selection, basic operation steps, and precautions. Through theoretical explanations and analysis of actual cases, the influence of various factors on the recrystallization effect is discussed in detail, aiming to provide a set of systematic, scientific and practical recrystallization operation standard guidelines for organic chemistry experiments, so as to achieve efficient and high-quality purification of organic compounds.
This article conducts a comprehensive and in-depth introduction of the basic recrystallization operations commonly used in organic chemistry experiments, covering the principles of recrystallization, solvent selection, basic operation steps, and precautions. Through theoretical explanations and analysis of actual cases, the influence of various factors on the recrystallization effect is discussed in detail, aiming to provide a set of systematic, scientific and practical recrystallization operation standard guidelines for organic chemistry experiments, so as to achieve efficient and high-quality purification of organic compounds.
2025, 40(5): 76-83
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504015
Abstract:
Sublimation is an important technique for the separation and purification of solid substances, widely used in the refinement of natural products and synthetic compounds. Due to differences in experimental content, conditions, and procedural descriptions in textbooks, experimenters often encounter non-standardized operations during sublimation experiments, leading to insufficient product purity, reduced yields, significant deviations in experimental results, and even safety hazards. Based on experience in organic chemistry laboratory teaching and scientific research practice, this paper systematically analyzes the applicable scope and key operational points of both atmospheric and vacuum sublimation. Furthermore, standardized operational recommendations are proposed to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reproducibility of experiments, providing a valuable reference for researchers in the field.
Sublimation is an important technique for the separation and purification of solid substances, widely used in the refinement of natural products and synthetic compounds. Due to differences in experimental content, conditions, and procedural descriptions in textbooks, experimenters often encounter non-standardized operations during sublimation experiments, leading to insufficient product purity, reduced yields, significant deviations in experimental results, and even safety hazards. Based on experience in organic chemistry laboratory teaching and scientific research practice, this paper systematically analyzes the applicable scope and key operational points of both atmospheric and vacuum sublimation. Furthermore, standardized operational recommendations are proposed to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reproducibility of experiments, providing a valuable reference for researchers in the field.
2025, 40(5): 84-92
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411045
Abstract:
Reflux is a fundamental technique in organic chemistry laboratory. Most organic chemical reactions and operations, such as recrystallization, are conducted under reflux conditions. Mastery of reflux operations is a crucial experimental skill that chemistry students must acquire. In organic chemistry experiments, improper reflux operations can lead to low yields, experimental failures, and even safety incidents. This article provides standard operating suggestions for various reflux operations in organic chemistry laboratory, with the aim of offering guidance for colleagues in China who are engaged in laboratory teaching and scientific research.
Reflux is a fundamental technique in organic chemistry laboratory. Most organic chemical reactions and operations, such as recrystallization, are conducted under reflux conditions. Mastery of reflux operations is a crucial experimental skill that chemistry students must acquire. In organic chemistry experiments, improper reflux operations can lead to low yields, experimental failures, and even safety incidents. This article provides standard operating suggestions for various reflux operations in organic chemistry laboratory, with the aim of offering guidance for colleagues in China who are engaged in laboratory teaching and scientific research.
2025, 40(5): 93-105
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408100
Abstract:
Chromatography experiments are a fundamental experimental skill that must be mastered by the students majoring in chemistry in universities. Thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and paper chromatography experiments constitute the basic content of organic chemistry experiments. However, the training content, requirements, and standards for chromatography experiments vary among different universities, and lead to disparities in teaching outcomes. This article puts forward basic operation and standard suggestions for organic chemical layer chromatography, column chromatography and paper chromatography experiments, hoping to provide references for domestic peers in conducting experimental teaching and scientific research practices.
Chromatography experiments are a fundamental experimental skill that must be mastered by the students majoring in chemistry in universities. Thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and paper chromatography experiments constitute the basic content of organic chemistry experiments. However, the training content, requirements, and standards for chromatography experiments vary among different universities, and lead to disparities in teaching outcomes. This article puts forward basic operation and standard suggestions for organic chemical layer chromatography, column chromatography and paper chromatography experiments, hoping to provide references for domestic peers in conducting experimental teaching and scientific research practices.
2025, 40(5): 106-121
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503079
Abstract:
Physical constants serve as crucial indicators for identifying organic compounds and assessing their purity, with their precise determination constituting a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry experimental education. This paper comprehensively examines the significance, underlying principles, standard methodologies, operational protocols, and experimental considerations associated with the determination of key physical constants, including melting point, boiling point, refractive index, and specific rotation. Additionally, it provides an overview of contemporary instrumental techniques employed in these measurements. The authors aim to offer valuable insights and practical guidance for chemistry educators and researchers engaged in experimental teaching and scientific investigation.
Physical constants serve as crucial indicators for identifying organic compounds and assessing their purity, with their precise determination constituting a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry experimental education. This paper comprehensively examines the significance, underlying principles, standard methodologies, operational protocols, and experimental considerations associated with the determination of key physical constants, including melting point, boiling point, refractive index, and specific rotation. Additionally, it provides an overview of contemporary instrumental techniques employed in these measurements. The authors aim to offer valuable insights and practical guidance for chemistry educators and researchers engaged in experimental teaching and scientific investigation.
2025, 40(5): 122-127
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504073
Abstract:
Mixed-solvent recrystallization is a commonly used and highly selective purification method. However, systematic operational guidelines are still lacking in current teaching, and students often encounter issues such as inappropriate solvent selection or improper techniques, resulting in failed crystallization or low purity. This paper outlines the basic principles and procedures of mixed-solvent recrystallization, clarifies key steps including solvent selection, decolorization, hot filtration, and crystallization induction, and proposes practical guidelines. These recommendations are feasible and widely applicable, offering a reference for standardizing laboratory instruction.
Mixed-solvent recrystallization is a commonly used and highly selective purification method. However, systematic operational guidelines are still lacking in current teaching, and students often encounter issues such as inappropriate solvent selection or improper techniques, resulting in failed crystallization or low purity. This paper outlines the basic principles and procedures of mixed-solvent recrystallization, clarifies key steps including solvent selection, decolorization, hot filtration, and crystallization induction, and proposes practical guidelines. These recommendations are feasible and widely applicable, offering a reference for standardizing laboratory instruction.
2025, 40(5): 128-136
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503028
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring and controlling temperature in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring and controlling temperature in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 137-147
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503027
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring and controlling pressure in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring and controlling pressure in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 148-156
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503026
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring viscosity, density and optical properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring viscosity, density and optical properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 157-164
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503054
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring thermal properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring thermal properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 165-177
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503055
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring electrical properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring electrical properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 178-188
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503053
Abstract:
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring colloidal and surface chemical properties, molecular structure and properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
Standardized experimental procedure is a fundamental requirement for chemical experiments, and it is also an important way to cultivate a rigorous and scientific attitude. This article provides systematic suggestions on operating specifications for measuring colloidal and surface chemical properties, molecular structure and properties in physical chemistry experiment, which can serve as guidance and reference for students, teachers, and other relevant personnel engaged in chemical experiment learning, teaching, and research.
2025, 40(5): 189-205
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412145
Abstract:
This paper is grounded in the National Standards for Teaching Quality in Chemistry Majors and the “Guidelines for Ideological and Political Education in Chemistry Courses”, focusing on the objectives of undergraduate talent cultivation in chemistry. It analyzes the ideological and political education system, content, and design within chemistry laboratory courses, identifying key areas for reform in ideological and political teaching. The paper offers relevant recommendations and demonstrates how to achieve a cohesive integration of knowledge transmission and value guidance in chemistry laboratory instruction. This approach aims to foster students’ scientific spirit, innovative capabilities, and awareness of social responsibility, thereby serving as a valuable reference for advancing the reform of ideological and political education in chemistry experimental courses.
This paper is grounded in the National Standards for Teaching Quality in Chemistry Majors and the “Guidelines for Ideological and Political Education in Chemistry Courses”, focusing on the objectives of undergraduate talent cultivation in chemistry. It analyzes the ideological and political education system, content, and design within chemistry laboratory courses, identifying key areas for reform in ideological and political teaching. The paper offers relevant recommendations and demonstrates how to achieve a cohesive integration of knowledge transmission and value guidance in chemistry laboratory instruction. This approach aims to foster students’ scientific spirit, innovative capabilities, and awareness of social responsibility, thereby serving as a valuable reference for advancing the reform of ideological and political education in chemistry experimental courses.
2025, 40(5): 206-214
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503068
Abstract:
As a core practical component of chemistry majors, Comprehensive/Design chemical experiment courses not only cultivate students’ innovative thinking and complex problem-solving abilities but also serve as a natural vehicle for ideological and political education due to their openness, collaboration, and exploratory nature. This paper clarifies the ideological and political teaching objectives and connotative significance of comprehensive/design chemical experiment courses. Furthermore, it provides suggestions concerning the ideological and political knowledge system and teaching system, offering valuable insights for the construction and reform of ideological and political education in comprehensive/design chemical experiment courses for chemistry majors.
As a core practical component of chemistry majors, Comprehensive/Design chemical experiment courses not only cultivate students’ innovative thinking and complex problem-solving abilities but also serve as a natural vehicle for ideological and political education due to their openness, collaboration, and exploratory nature. This paper clarifies the ideological and political teaching objectives and connotative significance of comprehensive/design chemical experiment courses. Furthermore, it provides suggestions concerning the ideological and political knowledge system and teaching system, offering valuable insights for the construction and reform of ideological and political education in comprehensive/design chemical experiment courses for chemistry majors.
2025, 40(5): 215-223
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411001
Abstract:
The undergraduate project is a key comprehensive training of undergraduates. Embedding ideological and political education (IPE) into the undergraduate project could fully utilize comprehensive practical links as the main channel for cultivating talents. This paper defines the objectives of incorporating IPE into the undergraduate project of chemistry-related majors, aligns these objectives with graduation requirements, presents content, teaching design, implementation and evaluation suggestions of IPE in the undergraduate project. This research offers valuable insight for the future development of enhancing IPE in the undergraduate project.
The undergraduate project is a key comprehensive training of undergraduates. Embedding ideological and political education (IPE) into the undergraduate project could fully utilize comprehensive practical links as the main channel for cultivating talents. This paper defines the objectives of incorporating IPE into the undergraduate project of chemistry-related majors, aligns these objectives with graduation requirements, presents content, teaching design, implementation and evaluation suggestions of IPE in the undergraduate project. This research offers valuable insight for the future development of enhancing IPE in the undergraduate project.
2025, 40(5): 224-229
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412144
Abstract:
This article utilizes the catalytic hydrogen production experiment as a case study to demonstrate the systematic design of innovation-oriented experiments that encourage students to engage autonomously in practical activities. It provides students with opportunities to apply catalytic technology and kinetic characterization techniques to address real-world challenges in green hydrogen production, thereby enhancing their ability to translate theoretical knowledge into practical application. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of fostering awareness of sustainable development in national green energy initiatives, while also cultivating students’ innovative thinking and problem-solving skills. The article aims to present effective strategies for integrating ideological and political content into experimental design, practical execution, and outcome evaluation. It serves as a valuable reference for incorporating ideological and political education into innovation-oriented experiments within chemistry-related disciplines, ultimately contributing to the development of talent with both innovative spirit and practical capabilities.
This article utilizes the catalytic hydrogen production experiment as a case study to demonstrate the systematic design of innovation-oriented experiments that encourage students to engage autonomously in practical activities. It provides students with opportunities to apply catalytic technology and kinetic characterization techniques to address real-world challenges in green hydrogen production, thereby enhancing their ability to translate theoretical knowledge into practical application. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of fostering awareness of sustainable development in national green energy initiatives, while also cultivating students’ innovative thinking and problem-solving skills. The article aims to present effective strategies for integrating ideological and political content into experimental design, practical execution, and outcome evaluation. It serves as a valuable reference for incorporating ideological and political education into innovation-oriented experiments within chemistry-related disciplines, ultimately contributing to the development of talent with both innovative spirit and practical capabilities.
2025, 40(5): 230-237
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202502064
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the problems and their causes in the guidance of operation specifications in current organic chemistry experiment teaching. It points out the importance of constructing experimental operation specifications, the principles for formulating experimental operation specifications. Moreover, it elaborates in detail on the content, methods, writing requirements of the basic operation specifications of organic chemistry experiments that have been carried out, as well as the achievements already obtained. This paper helps peers gain a more comprehensive understanding of the basic operation specifications of organic chemistry experiments. It also assists peers in guiding students to master standardized and safe experimental operation skills in future teaching, so as to cultivate high-quality chemistry professionals.
This paper analyzes the problems and their causes in the guidance of operation specifications in current organic chemistry experiment teaching. It points out the importance of constructing experimental operation specifications, the principles for formulating experimental operation specifications. Moreover, it elaborates in detail on the content, methods, writing requirements of the basic operation specifications of organic chemistry experiments that have been carried out, as well as the achievements already obtained. This paper helps peers gain a more comprehensive understanding of the basic operation specifications of organic chemistry experiments. It also assists peers in guiding students to master standardized and safe experimental operation skills in future teaching, so as to cultivate high-quality chemistry professionals.
2025, 40(5): 238-243
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403079
Abstract:
Internationalizing academic curricula is crucial in meeting the demands for global talent and fostering students with enhanced international competitiveness. This study explores the role of advancing an all-English teaching approach in the Chemistry English curriculum to promote internationalization. By analyzing the current landscape and challenges of traditional Chemistry English education alongside the implementation of all-English teaching in our university’s chemistry courses, this paper proposes targeted measures for educational reform. These include improvements in teaching philosophy, methodologies, curriculum structure, resources, and content delivery. The article underscores the importance of adopting an all-English approach in enhancing the internationalization of the Chemistry English curriculum and discusses how these reforms can elevate students’ comprehensive skills and global competitiveness.
Internationalizing academic curricula is crucial in meeting the demands for global talent and fostering students with enhanced international competitiveness. This study explores the role of advancing an all-English teaching approach in the Chemistry English curriculum to promote internationalization. By analyzing the current landscape and challenges of traditional Chemistry English education alongside the implementation of all-English teaching in our university’s chemistry courses, this paper proposes targeted measures for educational reform. These include improvements in teaching philosophy, methodologies, curriculum structure, resources, and content delivery. The article underscores the importance of adopting an all-English approach in enhancing the internationalization of the Chemistry English curriculum and discusses how these reforms can elevate students’ comprehensive skills and global competitiveness.
2025, 40(5): 244-251
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406035
Abstract:
This study employs research-based methods to deeply integrate theoretical knowledge with practical applications, leading to a multi-dimensional reform of the research-based teaching model in the analytical chemistry course for first-year undergraduate students at our university. This approach has been shown to effectively enhance students' active learning capabilities, foster their skills in information processing and problem-solving, and facilitate the transition from surface learning to deep learning. The findings aim to offer insights for implementing research-based teaching strategies for lower-year students with limited systematic knowledge of chemistry and underdeveloped research skills.
This study employs research-based methods to deeply integrate theoretical knowledge with practical applications, leading to a multi-dimensional reform of the research-based teaching model in the analytical chemistry course for first-year undergraduate students at our university. This approach has been shown to effectively enhance students' active learning capabilities, foster their skills in information processing and problem-solving, and facilitate the transition from surface learning to deep learning. The findings aim to offer insights for implementing research-based teaching strategies for lower-year students with limited systematic knowledge of chemistry and underdeveloped research skills.
2025, 40(5): 252-260
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407024
Abstract:
This study addresses several challenges in organic chemistry experiment courses, including complex theoretical concepts, monotonous practical activities, limited curriculum engagement, and insufficient ideological content. By connecting the historical development of organic chemistry with real-life narratives, we infuse the experimental course with a sense of mysterious “magic”, thereby stimulating students’ interest in learning and exploration. We propose a teaching model that integrates “industry-university-research” through three dimensions: theory, practice, and application. Additionally, we intertwine the “magic” narratives with ideological components aimed at moral education, subtly instilling correct scientific concepts in students’ minds.
This study addresses several challenges in organic chemistry experiment courses, including complex theoretical concepts, monotonous practical activities, limited curriculum engagement, and insufficient ideological content. By connecting the historical development of organic chemistry with real-life narratives, we infuse the experimental course with a sense of mysterious “magic”, thereby stimulating students’ interest in learning and exploration. We propose a teaching model that integrates “industry-university-research” through three dimensions: theory, practice, and application. Additionally, we intertwine the “magic” narratives with ideological components aimed at moral education, subtly instilling correct scientific concepts in students’ minds.
2025, 40(5): 261-267
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408012
Abstract:
Recognizing the significant role of theoretical computational chemistry in advancing chemistry and related fields, the chemistry teaching team in Nankai University has developed a training model as part of the “Pilot Plan for Cultivating Top Students in Basic Disciplines”. This model centers around an “Introduction to Computational Chemistry” course, integrating theory, practice, and cutting-edge research to enhance the cultivation of top talents. Over four years of teaching practice, the team has explored and refined aspects of training modes, curriculum design, and interdisciplinary integration. Student feedback data indicates that this optimized curriculum system significantly fosters the development of outstanding talent in the field.
Recognizing the significant role of theoretical computational chemistry in advancing chemistry and related fields, the chemistry teaching team in Nankai University has developed a training model as part of the “Pilot Plan for Cultivating Top Students in Basic Disciplines”. This model centers around an “Introduction to Computational Chemistry” course, integrating theory, practice, and cutting-edge research to enhance the cultivation of top talents. Over four years of teaching practice, the team has explored and refined aspects of training modes, curriculum design, and interdisciplinary integration. Student feedback data indicates that this optimized curriculum system significantly fosters the development of outstanding talent in the field.
2025, 40(5): 268-275
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411032
Abstract:
This paper presents an overview of the teaching design and considerations for the chapter on “osmotic pressure of solutions” in medical chemistry courses. The chapter covers topics such as osmotic phenomena, osmotic concentration, the calculation of solution osmotic pressure, and its applications in medicine. The calculation of osmotic concentration and osmotic pressure presents significant challenges for most students. To address this, the teaching design is centered on a problem-based approach, incorporating real-life phenomena and case studies. The instructional sequence includes creating problem scenarios, experimental exploration, computational derivation, knowledge transfer and application, knowledge extension, and integrating ideological and political education. By weaving computational examples and medical case studies throughout the course, the problem-oriented teaching approach enhances student engagement and helps them grasp the key concepts and content of the chapter during classroom instruction, ultimately achieving the teaching objectives.
This paper presents an overview of the teaching design and considerations for the chapter on “osmotic pressure of solutions” in medical chemistry courses. The chapter covers topics such as osmotic phenomena, osmotic concentration, the calculation of solution osmotic pressure, and its applications in medicine. The calculation of osmotic concentration and osmotic pressure presents significant challenges for most students. To address this, the teaching design is centered on a problem-based approach, incorporating real-life phenomena and case studies. The instructional sequence includes creating problem scenarios, experimental exploration, computational derivation, knowledge transfer and application, knowledge extension, and integrating ideological and political education. By weaving computational examples and medical case studies throughout the course, the problem-oriented teaching approach enhances student engagement and helps them grasp the key concepts and content of the chapter during classroom instruction, ultimately achieving the teaching objectives.
2025, 40(5): 276-282
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202410091
Abstract:
This paper examines the reform of ideological and political practice in organic chemistry laboratory courses based on the principles of Outcome-Based Education (OBE). It delineates the educational objectives of the organic chemistry laboratory within this framework and identifies the ideological and political elements embedded in the experiments. Furthermore, this study enhances the evaluation system for ideological and political education in the organic chemistry laboratory course by incorporating additional indicators for assessing ideological and political literacy. Finally, through a case analysis of the teaching design, the paper illustrates the outcomes of these teaching practices, offering valuable insights for integrating ideological and political education into the curriculum and fostering students’ comprehensive competencies.
This paper examines the reform of ideological and political practice in organic chemistry laboratory courses based on the principles of Outcome-Based Education (OBE). It delineates the educational objectives of the organic chemistry laboratory within this framework and identifies the ideological and political elements embedded in the experiments. Furthermore, this study enhances the evaluation system for ideological and political education in the organic chemistry laboratory course by incorporating additional indicators for assessing ideological and political literacy. Finally, through a case analysis of the teaching design, the paper illustrates the outcomes of these teaching practices, offering valuable insights for integrating ideological and political education into the curriculum and fostering students’ comprehensive competencies.
2025, 40(5): 283-290
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407070
Abstract:
This study implements teaching reforms for the “Chemical Composition Analysis of Materials” course in alignment with the talent cultivation objectives of first-class discipline construction. We developed an integrated pedagogical framework combining online-offline learning with theoretical-practical instruction, incorporating sophisticated instrumentation into experimental teaching. The established “classroom learning - online self-study-group design - experimental implementation” teaching system is supported by a multidimensional evaluation approach. This reform emphasizes student-centered learning while integrating ideological and political elements, effectively enhancing students' professional competencies, scientific thinking, and innovation capabilities through design-oriented experiments.
This study implements teaching reforms for the “Chemical Composition Analysis of Materials” course in alignment with the talent cultivation objectives of first-class discipline construction. We developed an integrated pedagogical framework combining online-offline learning with theoretical-practical instruction, incorporating sophisticated instrumentation into experimental teaching. The established “classroom learning - online self-study-group design - experimental implementation” teaching system is supported by a multidimensional evaluation approach. This reform emphasizes student-centered learning while integrating ideological and political elements, effectively enhancing students' professional competencies, scientific thinking, and innovation capabilities through design-oriented experiments.
2025, 40(5): 291-300
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412015
Abstract:
The digitalization of education represents a significant breakthrough for China in exploring new pathways for educational development, and the integration of artificial intelligence into education is an inevitable trend. This article analyzes the design principles for incorporating artificial intelligence into physical chemistry laboratory courses, based on the exploration of intelligent teaching models. It presents a concrete vision for an artificial intelligence-enabled physical chemistry laboratory platform and evaluates the initial practical outcomes at our institution. This research provides a novel perspective for advancing the transformation of traditional chemistry laboratory teaching methods towards a more intelligent approach.
The digitalization of education represents a significant breakthrough for China in exploring new pathways for educational development, and the integration of artificial intelligence into education is an inevitable trend. This article analyzes the design principles for incorporating artificial intelligence into physical chemistry laboratory courses, based on the exploration of intelligent teaching models. It presents a concrete vision for an artificial intelligence-enabled physical chemistry laboratory platform and evaluates the initial practical outcomes at our institution. This research provides a novel perspective for advancing the transformation of traditional chemistry laboratory teaching methods towards a more intelligent approach.
2025, 40(5): 301-310
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407027
Abstract:
Organic electrochemistry has been recognized as one of the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 2023. As a crucial branch of fundamental chemistry in undergraduate education, electrochemistry is primarily addressed in the context of inorganic chemistry (specifically redox reactions) and physical chemistry (in relation to electrolyte solutions). However, references to organic electrochemistry in undergraduate curricula are notably scarce. This article presents recent research trends in organic electrochemistry and discusses considerations for incorporating organic electrochemistry into undergraduate chemistry teaching.
Organic electrochemistry has been recognized as one of the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 2023. As a crucial branch of fundamental chemistry in undergraduate education, electrochemistry is primarily addressed in the context of inorganic chemistry (specifically redox reactions) and physical chemistry (in relation to electrolyte solutions). However, references to organic electrochemistry in undergraduate curricula are notably scarce. This article presents recent research trends in organic electrochemistry and discusses considerations for incorporating organic electrochemistry into undergraduate chemistry teaching.
2025, 40(5): 311-317
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407035
Abstract:
The synthesis and transformation of organosulfur compounds hold significant theoretical and practical value. However, the coverage of organosulfur compounds in fundamental organic chemistry textbooks is limited. This article begins with a brief overview of the key concepts related to organosulfur compounds as presented in the basic organic chemistry course. It then compares and discusses recent advancements in the electrochemical transformations of these compounds. This study aims to enhance the understanding of chemistry major students regarding the cutting-edge developments in organic electrochemistry as it pertains to organosulfur chemistry.
The synthesis and transformation of organosulfur compounds hold significant theoretical and practical value. However, the coverage of organosulfur compounds in fundamental organic chemistry textbooks is limited. This article begins with a brief overview of the key concepts related to organosulfur compounds as presented in the basic organic chemistry course. It then compares and discusses recent advancements in the electrochemical transformations of these compounds. This study aims to enhance the understanding of chemistry major students regarding the cutting-edge developments in organic electrochemistry as it pertains to organosulfur chemistry.
2025, 40(5): 318-327
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407033
Abstract:
Rhodanine and its derivatives are privileged scaffolds commonly found in synthetic compounds. Molecules containing this structural motif often display remarkable biological and pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-HIV effects. Additionally, they serve as optoelectronic materials, dyes, and analytical reagents. This article provides an overview of the properties and applications of rhodanine and its derivatives, summarizes recent advancements in their preparation methods, and discusses future prospects for research in this field.
Rhodanine and its derivatives are privileged scaffolds commonly found in synthetic compounds. Molecules containing this structural motif often display remarkable biological and pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-HIV effects. Additionally, they serve as optoelectronic materials, dyes, and analytical reagents. This article provides an overview of the properties and applications of rhodanine and its derivatives, summarizes recent advancements in their preparation methods, and discusses future prospects for research in this field.
2025, 40(5): 328-333
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407015
Abstract:
Perylene diimides (PDIs) and their derivatives are organic semiconductor materials with exceptional optoelectronic properties, extensively researched and applied in high-tech fields such as organic photovoltaics, organic light-emitting diodes, and organic field-effect transistors in recent years. Their advantages—such as low cost, strong visible light absorption, ease of band edge modulation, and the ability to form ordered supramolecular structures—have positioned them as rising stars in photocatalysis. This article incorporates elements of Chinese traditional culture and employs a personified approach in the form of a martial arts tournament to illustrate the structures and characteristics of PDI materials. By comparing the photocatalytic performance of PDIs with other photocatalytic materials, the paper highlights the advantages and challenges of PDIs in photocatalysis and offers insights into their promising development prospects in this field.
Perylene diimides (PDIs) and their derivatives are organic semiconductor materials with exceptional optoelectronic properties, extensively researched and applied in high-tech fields such as organic photovoltaics, organic light-emitting diodes, and organic field-effect transistors in recent years. Their advantages—such as low cost, strong visible light absorption, ease of band edge modulation, and the ability to form ordered supramolecular structures—have positioned them as rising stars in photocatalysis. This article incorporates elements of Chinese traditional culture and employs a personified approach in the form of a martial arts tournament to illustrate the structures and characteristics of PDI materials. By comparing the photocatalytic performance of PDIs with other photocatalytic materials, the paper highlights the advantages and challenges of PDIs in photocatalysis and offers insights into their promising development prospects in this field.
2025, 40(5): 334-341
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405208
Abstract:
This study integrates fundamental organic chemistry concepts, including the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, with cutting-edge research in organic solar cells. Through a laboratory experiment, students synthesized a wide-bandgap fused-ring electron acceptor material, A831. Analysis of the experimental data demonstrated that diminishing the electron-withdrawing ability of the terminal groups elevated the material’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, thereby enhancing the voltage output of the organic solar cells. This experiment cultivates students’ ability to apply foundational knowledge to solve research problems, embodying the educational philosophy of “fundamental knowledge – practical application”. It is particularly suitable as a comprehensive course for senior undergraduate students.
This study integrates fundamental organic chemistry concepts, including the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, with cutting-edge research in organic solar cells. Through a laboratory experiment, students synthesized a wide-bandgap fused-ring electron acceptor material, A831. Analysis of the experimental data demonstrated that diminishing the electron-withdrawing ability of the terminal groups elevated the material’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, thereby enhancing the voltage output of the organic solar cells. This experiment cultivates students’ ability to apply foundational knowledge to solve research problems, embodying the educational philosophy of “fundamental knowledge – practical application”. It is particularly suitable as a comprehensive course for senior undergraduate students.
2025, 40(5): 342-350
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407042
Abstract:
This innovative comprehensive experiment aims to develop a teaching concept based on “green chemistry” by integrating theoretical knowledge of literature retrieval, inorganic synthesis, instrumental analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. Emphasizing chemical recycling, reuse and repurposing of waste, the experiment deepens students’ understanding of basic chemistry principles, promotes innovative thinking, and enhances their innovation consciousness. Taking carbon quantum dots and energy storage as the entry point, the research focuses on carbon quantum dots obtained from the hydrothermal reaction of rice husk, aiming to explore the relationship between their structure and properties. Through experimental design, result analysis and collaborative discussion, students can gain insights into the interdisciplinary potential of “agriculture and science” integration and the fusion of science and education. This approach effectively improves students’ practical and innovation abilities, and enhances their academic confidence.
This innovative comprehensive experiment aims to develop a teaching concept based on “green chemistry” by integrating theoretical knowledge of literature retrieval, inorganic synthesis, instrumental analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. Emphasizing chemical recycling, reuse and repurposing of waste, the experiment deepens students’ understanding of basic chemistry principles, promotes innovative thinking, and enhances their innovation consciousness. Taking carbon quantum dots and energy storage as the entry point, the research focuses on carbon quantum dots obtained from the hydrothermal reaction of rice husk, aiming to explore the relationship between their structure and properties. Through experimental design, result analysis and collaborative discussion, students can gain insights into the interdisciplinary potential of “agriculture and science” integration and the fusion of science and education. This approach effectively improves students’ practical and innovation abilities, and enhances their academic confidence.
2025, 40(5): 351-356
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407052
Abstract:
In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been identified as possessing nanozyme properties, enabling them to mimic the catalytic activity of natural peroxidases in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using gelatin as a reducing agent, and the Michaelis constant for the AuNP-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Integrating the innovative concept of “nanozyme” into a physical chemistry kinetics experiment designed for undergraduate students not only enhances their comprehensive skills but also fosters their interest in chemical experimentation and instills a sense of national pride.
In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been identified as possessing nanozyme properties, enabling them to mimic the catalytic activity of natural peroxidases in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this study, AuNPs were synthesized using gelatin as a reducing agent, and the Michaelis constant for the AuNP-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Integrating the innovative concept of “nanozyme” into a physical chemistry kinetics experiment designed for undergraduate students not only enhances their comprehensive skills but also fosters their interest in chemical experimentation and instills a sense of national pride.
2025, 40(5): 357-365
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407028
Abstract:
This experiment employs an electrochemical synthesis method to produce 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole from benzoylhydrazine. The structure of the synthesized product is identified and characterized using analytical techniques, including NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and melting point determination. In comparison to traditional organic synthesis methods, the electrochemical approach aligns with green chemistry principles, offering advantages such as simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and high yield. This experiment encourages students, who have mastered fundamental organic laboratory techniques, to explore cutting-edge electrochemical synthesis methods and gain insights into the application of electrochemistry in organic synthesis. Additionally, it fosters students’ interest in scientific research and innovative thinking, thereby enriching the content of basic organic chemistry education.
This experiment employs an electrochemical synthesis method to produce 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole from benzoylhydrazine. The structure of the synthesized product is identified and characterized using analytical techniques, including NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and melting point determination. In comparison to traditional organic synthesis methods, the electrochemical approach aligns with green chemistry principles, offering advantages such as simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and high yield. This experiment encourages students, who have mastered fundamental organic laboratory techniques, to explore cutting-edge electrochemical synthesis methods and gain insights into the application of electrochemistry in organic synthesis. Additionally, it fosters students’ interest in scientific research and innovative thinking, thereby enriching the content of basic organic chemistry education.
2025, 40(5): 366-375
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407031
Abstract:
The experimental phenomena observed in gas-liquid-solid reactions serve to stimulate students’ interest in learning. The intricate connections between gas generation, drying, and tail gas treatment equipment encourage students to adopt a mindset of understanding the sequence and significance of processes. Through the separation, purification, and characterization of products, students develop comprehensive skills in organic synthesis. Standardizing the use of concentrated sulfuric acid and managing hazardous gas treatments enhance students’ awareness of emergency protocols and environmental responsibility. Finally, by extending the experimental focus to a series of related reactions, students are guided to transition from theoretical knowledge to practical application.
The experimental phenomena observed in gas-liquid-solid reactions serve to stimulate students’ interest in learning. The intricate connections between gas generation, drying, and tail gas treatment equipment encourage students to adopt a mindset of understanding the sequence and significance of processes. Through the separation, purification, and characterization of products, students develop comprehensive skills in organic synthesis. Standardizing the use of concentrated sulfuric acid and managing hazardous gas treatments enhance students’ awareness of emergency protocols and environmental responsibility. Finally, by extending the experimental focus to a series of related reactions, students are guided to transition from theoretical knowledge to practical application.
2025, 40(5): 376-382
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411055
Abstract:
Green chemistry has emerged as a pivotal focus in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical development. This paper introduces a photocatalytic benzoin oxidation experiment grounded in green chemistry principles. The experiment utilizes oxygen from the air as the oxidant, 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate as the photocatalyst, triethylenediamine as the base, and chloroform as the solvent, subjected to irradiation by a 456 nm LED for 2 h. By optimizing the experimental conditions, we established the optimal reaction parameters, which were subsequently implemented in undergraduate laboratory courses, thereby integrating scientific research with education.
Green chemistry has emerged as a pivotal focus in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical development. This paper introduces a photocatalytic benzoin oxidation experiment grounded in green chemistry principles. The experiment utilizes oxygen from the air as the oxidant, 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate as the photocatalyst, triethylenediamine as the base, and chloroform as the solvent, subjected to irradiation by a 456 nm LED for 2 h. By optimizing the experimental conditions, we established the optimal reaction parameters, which were subsequently implemented in undergraduate laboratory courses, thereby integrating scientific research with education.
2025, 40(5): 383-390
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407047
Abstract:
This paper discusses the key role and potential value of old university scientific instruments in the cultivation of undergraduates’ innovative ability. Combined with the cultivation objectives of “double first-class” universities, the paper analyzes the status quo of the reuse of old scientific instruments, and puts forward targeted practical measures and ways for future exploration. Through refined management and innovative utilization, the old scientific instruments can be renewed in their application, provide solid support for the cultivation of undergraduates’ innovative ability, and help more high-quality talents with innovative quality and practical ability to stand out.
This paper discusses the key role and potential value of old university scientific instruments in the cultivation of undergraduates’ innovative ability. Combined with the cultivation objectives of “double first-class” universities, the paper analyzes the status quo of the reuse of old scientific instruments, and puts forward targeted practical measures and ways for future exploration. Through refined management and innovative utilization, the old scientific instruments can be renewed in their application, provide solid support for the cultivation of undergraduates’ innovative ability, and help more high-quality talents with innovative quality and practical ability to stand out.
2025, 40(5): 391-400
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411013
Abstract:
This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the typical specific surface area analysis reports generated by the BET Assistant software, utilizing actual measurement data from the QuadraSorb evo specific surface area and pore size analyzer. Key aspects examined include the interpretation of relevant test parameters, the rationale behind the BET Assistant's point selection, and the process of fitting the linear equation. Additionally, the study highlights critical considerations for sample preparation prior to testing. This analysis provides valuable and targeted guidance for the accurate use of the specific surface area analyzer and enhances the understanding of the report content.
This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the typical specific surface area analysis reports generated by the BET Assistant software, utilizing actual measurement data from the QuadraSorb evo specific surface area and pore size analyzer. Key aspects examined include the interpretation of relevant test parameters, the rationale behind the BET Assistant's point selection, and the process of fitting the linear equation. Additionally, the study highlights critical considerations for sample preparation prior to testing. This analysis provides valuable and targeted guidance for the accurate use of the specific surface area analyzer and enhances the understanding of the report content.
