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2025 Volume 40 Issue 4
2025, 40(4): 1-9
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401007
Abstract:
Composite solid propellant, serving as the propulsion source of various solid engines in missiles and space vehicles, consist of solid particles (oxidizer and metal fuel) embedded in polymer matrices (binders). This experimental teaching module addresses the challenge of “dewetting” under load in solid propellants, where adhesive and filler separation occurs, compromising interfacial interactions. Through controlled radical polymerization, a well-defined neutral macromolecular bonding agent with controlled molecular weight and composition was synthesized. Its molecular structure was characterized using hydrogen nuclear magnetic spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography system. This comprehensive experimental teaching not only deepens students' understanding of solid propellant technology, but also enhances their awareness of fundamental principles and methodologies in the field of cutting-edge polymer chemistry. Furthermore, it cultivates students' experimental operation skills, proficiency with sophisticated instrumentation, and capability in result analysis, bridging cutting-edge scientific research with the national imperative for talent development in critical technological domains.
Composite solid propellant, serving as the propulsion source of various solid engines in missiles and space vehicles, consist of solid particles (oxidizer and metal fuel) embedded in polymer matrices (binders). This experimental teaching module addresses the challenge of “dewetting” under load in solid propellants, where adhesive and filler separation occurs, compromising interfacial interactions. Through controlled radical polymerization, a well-defined neutral macromolecular bonding agent with controlled molecular weight and composition was synthesized. Its molecular structure was characterized using hydrogen nuclear magnetic spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography system. This comprehensive experimental teaching not only deepens students' understanding of solid propellant technology, but also enhances their awareness of fundamental principles and methodologies in the field of cutting-edge polymer chemistry. Furthermore, it cultivates students' experimental operation skills, proficiency with sophisticated instrumentation, and capability in result analysis, bridging cutting-edge scientific research with the national imperative for talent development in critical technological domains.
2025, 40(4): 10-14
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401010
Abstract:
With the development of the chemical engineering and new materials fields, the practical application skills of masters majoring in materials and chemical have grown significantly. Polymer Chemistry, a compulsory course for masters majoring in materials and chemical engineering, suffers from a lack of practical engagement, low exploratory depth, and poor student motivation. To address these issues, this reform introduces and intensifies experiment in polymer chemistry, innovates teaching methods and models, and establishes an engineering-based experimental teaching evaluation system. This reform is beneficial for improving the innovation capabilities, practical entrepreneurship and complex engineering problems-solving abilities for graduate students.
With the development of the chemical engineering and new materials fields, the practical application skills of masters majoring in materials and chemical have grown significantly. Polymer Chemistry, a compulsory course for masters majoring in materials and chemical engineering, suffers from a lack of practical engagement, low exploratory depth, and poor student motivation. To address these issues, this reform introduces and intensifies experiment in polymer chemistry, innovates teaching methods and models, and establishes an engineering-based experimental teaching evaluation system. This reform is beneficial for improving the innovation capabilities, practical entrepreneurship and complex engineering problems-solving abilities for graduate students.
2025, 40(4): 15-19
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401014
Abstract:
Polymer chain structures form a crucial fundamental concept bridging polymer chemistry and polymer physics. This paper presents a systematic pedagogical approach to teaching polymer chain structures, hierarchically covering the structures of repeating units, bonding sequences, molecular weights and their distributions, and the topological architectures of chains. Such systematic introduction aims to enable students to grasp the fundamental structural elements of polymer chains and their corresponding physical significance. Consequently, it lays a solid foundation for students to better understand the intricate relationship between the chemical structures and the physical properties of polymers.
Polymer chain structures form a crucial fundamental concept bridging polymer chemistry and polymer physics. This paper presents a systematic pedagogical approach to teaching polymer chain structures, hierarchically covering the structures of repeating units, bonding sequences, molecular weights and their distributions, and the topological architectures of chains. Such systematic introduction aims to enable students to grasp the fundamental structural elements of polymer chains and their corresponding physical significance. Consequently, it lays a solid foundation for students to better understand the intricate relationship between the chemical structures and the physical properties of polymers.
2025, 40(4): 20-26
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402031
Abstract:
The effective integration of aesthetics, ideological and political concepts is the key to improving the teaching quality of polymer science and cultivating high-quality talents in the new era. In this work, taking the ideological and political teaching practice of the general education course “Appreciation of Aesthetics in the Polymer World” as an example, we explore a new mode of compiling teaching materials with ideological and political themes as the main line, and conducting natural science teaching led by aesthetic experience, which not only helps students master the knowledge of polymer science, but also improves their humanistic qualities, and stimulates their patriotic feelings and sense of social responsibility.
The effective integration of aesthetics, ideological and political concepts is the key to improving the teaching quality of polymer science and cultivating high-quality talents in the new era. In this work, taking the ideological and political teaching practice of the general education course “Appreciation of Aesthetics in the Polymer World” as an example, we explore a new mode of compiling teaching materials with ideological and political themes as the main line, and conducting natural science teaching led by aesthetic experience, which not only helps students master the knowledge of polymer science, but also improves their humanistic qualities, and stimulates their patriotic feelings and sense of social responsibility.
2025, 40(4): 27-32
doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202403029
Abstract:
The course of polymer physics is rich in philosophical content, and this paper highlights the use of reverse thinking to tackle complex issues. For example, viewing the aggregation process of polymer chains as the reverse of dissolution, preparing macroscopic polymer single crystal by crystallizing monomers before initiating polymerization, rather than crystallizing polymers directly, and shifting from free volume approaches to understand the glass transition in polymers are discussed. This article shares insights from teaching experiences that help students deeply understand the fundamentals of polymer condensed states and molecular motions through reverse thinking.
The course of polymer physics is rich in philosophical content, and this paper highlights the use of reverse thinking to tackle complex issues. For example, viewing the aggregation process of polymer chains as the reverse of dissolution, preparing macroscopic polymer single crystal by crystallizing monomers before initiating polymerization, rather than crystallizing polymers directly, and shifting from free volume approaches to understand the glass transition in polymers are discussed. This article shares insights from teaching experiences that help students deeply understand the fundamentals of polymer condensed states and molecular motions through reverse thinking.
2025, 40(4): 33-45
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403069
Abstract:
The concept of free volume originated from the study of liquid viscosity and was later utilized by Fox and Flory in the analysis of the glass transition in polymer materials, establishing itself as a crucial tool for understanding various physical phenomena in polymers. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive discussion on free volume in educational contexts. This paper provides an overview of the origin, definition, and applications of free volume, explores different testing methods, and investigates the relationship between free volume and the physical properties of polymers. The study aims to deepen students’ understanding of the free volume concept, promote a comprehensive grasp of polymer physical processes, and inspire interest and enthusiasm for scientific research.
The concept of free volume originated from the study of liquid viscosity and was later utilized by Fox and Flory in the analysis of the glass transition in polymer materials, establishing itself as a crucial tool for understanding various physical phenomena in polymers. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive discussion on free volume in educational contexts. This paper provides an overview of the origin, definition, and applications of free volume, explores different testing methods, and investigates the relationship between free volume and the physical properties of polymers. The study aims to deepen students’ understanding of the free volume concept, promote a comprehensive grasp of polymer physical processes, and inspire interest and enthusiasm for scientific research.
2025, 40(4): 46-53
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403083
Abstract:
Over the past 70 years, the Polymer Materials and Engineering major at the College of Chemistry, Jilin University, has developed into a distinguished undergraduate program in China. In 2020, it was selected as a “National First-Class Undergraduate Major Construction Point”. This paper presents an overview of the recent efforts in the development of the program, guided by the college’s talent cultivation objectives of “solid foundation, strong ability, and innovation competence” and its “three paradigms, four integrations” model, including curriculum development, teaching team formation, and the enhancement of the major’s unique features.
Over the past 70 years, the Polymer Materials and Engineering major at the College of Chemistry, Jilin University, has developed into a distinguished undergraduate program in China. In 2020, it was selected as a “National First-Class Undergraduate Major Construction Point”. This paper presents an overview of the recent efforts in the development of the program, guided by the college’s talent cultivation objectives of “solid foundation, strong ability, and innovation competence” and its “three paradigms, four integrations” model, including curriculum development, teaching team formation, and the enhancement of the major’s unique features.
2025, 40(4): 54-58
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404081
Abstract:
“Principles of Chemical Engineering” is an important foundational course for the polymer materials and engineering major, emphasizing engineering perspectives and strong practicality. This article explores the characteristics of the polymer materials and engineering major, discussing ways to optimize the theoretical teaching content, strengthen practical teaching elements, and improve assessment systems. The aim is to enhance the teaching quality of this course, and improve students' engineering awareness and abilities to solve practical industrial problems.
“Principles of Chemical Engineering” is an important foundational course for the polymer materials and engineering major, emphasizing engineering perspectives and strong practicality. This article explores the characteristics of the polymer materials and engineering major, discussing ways to optimize the theoretical teaching content, strengthen practical teaching elements, and improve assessment systems. The aim is to enhance the teaching quality of this course, and improve students' engineering awareness and abilities to solve practical industrial problems.
2025, 40(4): 59-65
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405087
Abstract:
The degradation and recycling of thermosetting polymers have emerged as a hot-topic in the field of polymer science under the background of “dual carbon” policy. Conducting a comprehensive experiment on the preparation of depolymerizable thermosetting polymers aligns well with modern societal development and facilitates students’ understanding of frontline scientific research. This experiment employs the Michael addition reaction to synthesize depolymerizable thermosetting polymers. The β-amino ester groups formed through the Michael addition reaction can dissociate under acidic conditions, enabling rapid depolymerization of the prepared thermosets. By engaging in this experiment, students can master the latest methods for fabricating depolymerizable thermosetting polymers and gain insight into the current trends in polymer materials research. This comprehensive experiment integrates cutting-edge scientific achievements with classroom teaching, providing a solid foundation for cultivating students’ innovation capabilities and their ability to apply professional knowledge comprehensively.
The degradation and recycling of thermosetting polymers have emerged as a hot-topic in the field of polymer science under the background of “dual carbon” policy. Conducting a comprehensive experiment on the preparation of depolymerizable thermosetting polymers aligns well with modern societal development and facilitates students’ understanding of frontline scientific research. This experiment employs the Michael addition reaction to synthesize depolymerizable thermosetting polymers. The β-amino ester groups formed through the Michael addition reaction can dissociate under acidic conditions, enabling rapid depolymerization of the prepared thermosets. By engaging in this experiment, students can master the latest methods for fabricating depolymerizable thermosetting polymers and gain insight into the current trends in polymer materials research. This comprehensive experiment integrates cutting-edge scientific achievements with classroom teaching, providing a solid foundation for cultivating students’ innovation capabilities and their ability to apply professional knowledge comprehensively.
2025, 40(4): 66-71
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405105
Abstract:
In response to the evolving demands of the “new engineering” reform and addressing existing challenges in polymer engineering education, this paper takes the teaching reform of the “Comprehensive Training in Polymer Engineering” course as an example. It introduces the implementation and evaluation of an in-depth “industry-university-research” integration model in practical course teaching. By aligning the needs and resources of “industry” and “research” with the educational processes of “university,” the approach focuses on the construction of first-class undergraduate programs in polymer materials and engineering, as well as talent cultivation requirements. This study explores a distinctive talent training model for engineering education, achieving significant teaching outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights for cultivating polymer engineering professionals and advancing engineering education reform.
In response to the evolving demands of the “new engineering” reform and addressing existing challenges in polymer engineering education, this paper takes the teaching reform of the “Comprehensive Training in Polymer Engineering” course as an example. It introduces the implementation and evaluation of an in-depth “industry-university-research” integration model in practical course teaching. By aligning the needs and resources of “industry” and “research” with the educational processes of “university,” the approach focuses on the construction of first-class undergraduate programs in polymer materials and engineering, as well as talent cultivation requirements. This study explores a distinctive talent training model for engineering education, achieving significant teaching outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights for cultivating polymer engineering professionals and advancing engineering education reform.
2025, 40(4): 72-79
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405110
Abstract:
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites, known for their numerous outstanding optoelectronic properties, have garnered significant interest among researchers and hold promising applications across various advanced optoelectronic devices. However, perovskites suffer from poor stability and are highly susceptible to factors such as light, humidity, and polar solvents. Consequently, enhancing their fluorescence stability remains a focal point of current research. Building on the foundation of the undergraduate suspension polymerization experiment in polymer chemistry, this study introduces an undergraduate-led polymer science experiment titled "Preparation and Fluorescence Stability of Perovskite Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Polystyrene Microbeads". This strategy combines polymer and perovskite materials, encapsulating organic-inorganic perovskites within polystyrene microbeads using a swelling-shrinkage strategy to form hybrid fluorescent microbeads. This approach not only enhances the stability of the perovskite materials but also broadens the applications of products from polymer science experiments. Additionally, employing the swelling-shrinkage strategy as a vanguard for cutting-edge research in this field not only aids undergraduates in understanding experimental principles but also greatly stimulates their interest in scientific inquiry. By translating cutting-edge research into an experimental teaching reform model for undergraduate education, students' experimental design capabilities, innovation skills, and overall quality have been effectively developed.
Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites, known for their numerous outstanding optoelectronic properties, have garnered significant interest among researchers and hold promising applications across various advanced optoelectronic devices. However, perovskites suffer from poor stability and are highly susceptible to factors such as light, humidity, and polar solvents. Consequently, enhancing their fluorescence stability remains a focal point of current research. Building on the foundation of the undergraduate suspension polymerization experiment in polymer chemistry, this study introduces an undergraduate-led polymer science experiment titled "Preparation and Fluorescence Stability of Perovskite Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Polystyrene Microbeads". This strategy combines polymer and perovskite materials, encapsulating organic-inorganic perovskites within polystyrene microbeads using a swelling-shrinkage strategy to form hybrid fluorescent microbeads. This approach not only enhances the stability of the perovskite materials but also broadens the applications of products from polymer science experiments. Additionally, employing the swelling-shrinkage strategy as a vanguard for cutting-edge research in this field not only aids undergraduates in understanding experimental principles but also greatly stimulates their interest in scientific inquiry. By translating cutting-edge research into an experimental teaching reform model for undergraduate education, students' experimental design capabilities, innovation skills, and overall quality have been effectively developed.
Teaching Case Design of “Degradation and Aging” as an Ideological and Political Demonstration Course
2025, 40(4): 80-86
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405113
Abstract:
This paper presents the design of a demonstration course on "Degradation and Aging" in polymer chemistry, developed in the context of environmental protection. By incorporating case-based teaching and a flipped classroom model, the course aims to expand students’ horizons while deepening their engagement with ideological and political education. Survey results indicate that the teaching case significantly increased students' interest in learning, facilitated the integration of theory and practice, and improved their research skills, environmental awareness, and sense of social responsibility, achieving the intended educational objectives.
This paper presents the design of a demonstration course on "Degradation and Aging" in polymer chemistry, developed in the context of environmental protection. By incorporating case-based teaching and a flipped classroom model, the course aims to expand students’ horizons while deepening their engagement with ideological and political education. Survey results indicate that the teaching case significantly increased students' interest in learning, facilitated the integration of theory and practice, and improved their research skills, environmental awareness, and sense of social responsibility, achieving the intended educational objectives.
2025, 40(4): 87-93
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405143
Abstract:
The addition reaction between thiols and vinyl ethers is an anti-Markovnikov addition reaction based on a free radical mechanism, which proceeds efficiently under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of photoinitiator or photosensitizer. In this experiment, triethylene glycol divinyl ether (TEGDVE) and 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DODT) were selected as monomers to synthesize poly(ether-thioether) polymers through thiol-ene click stepwise polymerization. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the molecular structure of the polymers, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was employed to measure the molecular weight of the obtained polymers. Strategies to achieve high-molecular-weight polyaddition products were explored by adjusting the molar ratio of monomers and polymerization time. The mechanism of the polymerization reaction was further verified by introducing radical scavengers. This experiment serves as a simple, efficient, green, and environmentally friendly comprehensive polymer chemistry experiment.
The addition reaction between thiols and vinyl ethers is an anti-Markovnikov addition reaction based on a free radical mechanism, which proceeds efficiently under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of photoinitiator or photosensitizer. In this experiment, triethylene glycol divinyl ether (TEGDVE) and 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DODT) were selected as monomers to synthesize poly(ether-thioether) polymers through thiol-ene click stepwise polymerization. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the molecular structure of the polymers, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was employed to measure the molecular weight of the obtained polymers. Strategies to achieve high-molecular-weight polyaddition products were explored by adjusting the molar ratio of monomers and polymerization time. The mechanism of the polymerization reaction was further verified by introducing radical scavengers. This experiment serves as a simple, efficient, green, and environmentally friendly comprehensive polymer chemistry experiment.
2025, 40(4): 94-99
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405170
Abstract:
“Molecular weight determination of polymers by dilute solution viscosity method” is a classic experimental project in the courses of "Polymer Physics Experiment" and "Physical Chemistry Experiment". This project incorporates ideological and political education elements into the teaching process to enhance educational impact. For example, the introduction of Nobel laureate H. Staudinger’s definition of macromolecules aids students in appreciating the significance of molecular weight determination in the development of macromolecular science. Furthermore, the program encourages students to deepen their understanding of polymer molecular weight polydispersity and solubility properties through philosophical inquiry, and to groom the cultivation and application of scientific thinking.
“Molecular weight determination of polymers by dilute solution viscosity method” is a classic experimental project in the courses of "Polymer Physics Experiment" and "Physical Chemistry Experiment". This project incorporates ideological and political education elements into the teaching process to enhance educational impact. For example, the introduction of Nobel laureate H. Staudinger’s definition of macromolecules aids students in appreciating the significance of molecular weight determination in the development of macromolecular science. Furthermore, the program encourages students to deepen their understanding of polymer molecular weight polydispersity and solubility properties through philosophical inquiry, and to groom the cultivation and application of scientific thinking.
2025, 40(4): 100-107
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406012
Abstract:
As one of the key points in “Polymer Chemistry” course, the kinetics of polymer is difficult to instruct due to its high dependence on theoretical derivation. Ideal living and controlled polymerizations typically exhibit a first-order kinetic characteristic. However, when extending the system to a random copolymerization of two monomers, the complexity of polymer composition space increases significantly, making it difficult to directly transfer knowledge from homopolymerization characteristics. This paper, herein, addresses the monomer consumption kinetics of binary random living copolymerization from both theoretical derivation and Monte Carlo simulation perspectives. It demonstrates the complexity of living copolymerization kinetics and shows that first-order kinetics behavior is only observed under two specific conditions. This work provides new insights for teaching Polymer Chemistry, integrating both theoretical and simulation approaches.
As one of the key points in “Polymer Chemistry” course, the kinetics of polymer is difficult to instruct due to its high dependence on theoretical derivation. Ideal living and controlled polymerizations typically exhibit a first-order kinetic characteristic. However, when extending the system to a random copolymerization of two monomers, the complexity of polymer composition space increases significantly, making it difficult to directly transfer knowledge from homopolymerization characteristics. This paper, herein, addresses the monomer consumption kinetics of binary random living copolymerization from both theoretical derivation and Monte Carlo simulation perspectives. It demonstrates the complexity of living copolymerization kinetics and shows that first-order kinetics behavior is only observed under two specific conditions. This work provides new insights for teaching Polymer Chemistry, integrating both theoretical and simulation approaches.
2025, 40(4): 108-112
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406099
Abstract:
To achieve breakthroughs in scientific research, graduate students must avoid blindly trusting authority during the learning process. The key to breaking conventions and cultivating critical analytical thinking is to follow logic. Therefore, in the teaching process of polymer materials, the author introduces classic cases that challenge conventional theories, using RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly as a case study. This approach encourages students to follow logical reasoning, question authoritative theories, and maintain a fact-based research attitude. This effectively stimulates students to actively learn, think, analyze and solve problems, and promotes the cultivation of their innovation ability.
To achieve breakthroughs in scientific research, graduate students must avoid blindly trusting authority during the learning process. The key to breaking conventions and cultivating critical analytical thinking is to follow logic. Therefore, in the teaching process of polymer materials, the author introduces classic cases that challenge conventional theories, using RAFT polymerization-induced self-assembly as a case study. This approach encourages students to follow logical reasoning, question authoritative theories, and maintain a fact-based research attitude. This effectively stimulates students to actively learn, think, analyze and solve problems, and promotes the cultivation of their innovation ability.
2025, 40(4): 113-118
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406102
Abstract:
In the teaching of undergraduate Polymer Chemistry courses, polycondensation is commonly used as a teaching case of step-growth polymerization. While there is a close relationship between polycondensation and step-growth polymerization, this approach may cause confusion between these two polymerization concepts. This article proposes a new teaching case for step-growth polymerization, i.e., Barbier polymerization. Unlike traditional step-growth polymerization cases based on condensation reaction, Barbier polymerization is based on addition reaction and exhibits the characteristics of step-growth polymerization. The introduction of Barbier polymerization as a new teaching case for step-growth polymerization can help students understand step-growth polymerization in depth and avoid confusions in the basic polymerization concepts of polycondensation and step-growth polymerization.
In the teaching of undergraduate Polymer Chemistry courses, polycondensation is commonly used as a teaching case of step-growth polymerization. While there is a close relationship between polycondensation and step-growth polymerization, this approach may cause confusion between these two polymerization concepts. This article proposes a new teaching case for step-growth polymerization, i.e., Barbier polymerization. Unlike traditional step-growth polymerization cases based on condensation reaction, Barbier polymerization is based on addition reaction and exhibits the characteristics of step-growth polymerization. The introduction of Barbier polymerization as a new teaching case for step-growth polymerization can help students understand step-growth polymerization in depth and avoid confusions in the basic polymerization concepts of polycondensation and step-growth polymerization.
2025, 40(4): 119-125
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407012
Abstract:
The undergraduate students majoring in Polymer Materials and Engineering often face challenges such as weak foundational knowledge, insufficient innovation ability, and underdeveloped potential. To address these issues, we revised the undergraduate education program for Polymer Materials and Engineering major students at South China University of Technology, which is called Program 2017. In the new program, the class hours for basic courses were significantly increased, e.g., Physical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry now both having 112 h of instruction. Besides, practical training was strengthened, and some featured courses were added. The Program 2017 aims to cultivate students with a solid foundation, strong capabilities, and high potential, in line with first-class undergraduate education standards. Guided by Engineering Education Accreditation requirements and informed by seven years of practical experiences, the program has been continuously improved, resulting in remarkable achievements in undergraduate education. This paper outlines the revision and practical achievements of the education program.
The undergraduate students majoring in Polymer Materials and Engineering often face challenges such as weak foundational knowledge, insufficient innovation ability, and underdeveloped potential. To address these issues, we revised the undergraduate education program for Polymer Materials and Engineering major students at South China University of Technology, which is called Program 2017. In the new program, the class hours for basic courses were significantly increased, e.g., Physical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry now both having 112 h of instruction. Besides, practical training was strengthened, and some featured courses were added. The Program 2017 aims to cultivate students with a solid foundation, strong capabilities, and high potential, in line with first-class undergraduate education standards. Guided by Engineering Education Accreditation requirements and informed by seven years of practical experiences, the program has been continuously improved, resulting in remarkable achievements in undergraduate education. This paper outlines the revision and practical achievements of the education program.
2025, 40(4): 126-130
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408056
Abstract:
The physical chemistry of polymer surfaces and interfaces is an important branch of polymer science, forming the scientific foundation for the design and preparation of high-performance polymer materials. Given the importance of polymer surfaces and interfaces in material design and applications, we explore integrating this knowledge into the undergraduate polymer physics course. We have reviewed and organized the knowledge system of polymer surface and interface science into three main modules: interface thermodynamics and molecular motion, physical phenomena at interfaces, and interface modification techniques. This structured framework provides a progressive, multidimensional approach to help students develop a comprehensive understanding of the structure, molecular dynamics, and physical properties of polymers at surfaces and interfaces, thus enriching and enhancing the polymer physics curriculum.
The physical chemistry of polymer surfaces and interfaces is an important branch of polymer science, forming the scientific foundation for the design and preparation of high-performance polymer materials. Given the importance of polymer surfaces and interfaces in material design and applications, we explore integrating this knowledge into the undergraduate polymer physics course. We have reviewed and organized the knowledge system of polymer surface and interface science into three main modules: interface thermodynamics and molecular motion, physical phenomena at interfaces, and interface modification techniques. This structured framework provides a progressive, multidimensional approach to help students develop a comprehensive understanding of the structure, molecular dynamics, and physical properties of polymers at surfaces and interfaces, thus enriching and enhancing the polymer physics curriculum.
2025, 40(4): 131-137
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408125
Abstract:
Phase separation in polymer blends is a crucial method for polymer modification, which is covered in the course “Polymer Structure and Properties”. Different phase separation mechanisms result in distinct phase-separated structures, ultimately leading to various material properties. Understanding these mechanisms is essential yet challenging for students due to their abstract nature, making it a key focus in theoretical teaching. Based on years of teaching experience and research findings, we developed a process reproduction teaching method that demonstrates how phase diagrams of polymer blends are obtained. The teaching approach begins with basic binary mixture thermodynamics, then progresses to explaining thermodynamic behaviors of endothermic and exothermic binary systems at both low and high temperatures. Finally, it addresses complex binary blend thermodynamics and phase diagram construction. Using these phase diagrams, we explain two types of phase separation mechanisms under different compositions and temperatures. This teaching method has effectively helped students understand phase separation mechanisms, with some students successfully applying this knowledge to enhance ionic liquid gels.
Phase separation in polymer blends is a crucial method for polymer modification, which is covered in the course “Polymer Structure and Properties”. Different phase separation mechanisms result in distinct phase-separated structures, ultimately leading to various material properties. Understanding these mechanisms is essential yet challenging for students due to their abstract nature, making it a key focus in theoretical teaching. Based on years of teaching experience and research findings, we developed a process reproduction teaching method that demonstrates how phase diagrams of polymer blends are obtained. The teaching approach begins with basic binary mixture thermodynamics, then progresses to explaining thermodynamic behaviors of endothermic and exothermic binary systems at both low and high temperatures. Finally, it addresses complex binary blend thermodynamics and phase diagram construction. Using these phase diagrams, we explain two types of phase separation mechanisms under different compositions and temperatures. This teaching method has effectively helped students understand phase separation mechanisms, with some students successfully applying this knowledge to enhance ionic liquid gels.
2025, 40(4): 138-146
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408138
Abstract:
To address the growing challenges of conventional teaching methods in the rapidly advancing high-tech field, this study introduces and implements a “project-patent-scholarly paper” integrated teaching model, using “Polymer Processing” course as a case study. This model integrates the distillation of scientific research problems, patent applications, intellectual property protection, and scholarly paper writing and submission into the teaching process. The implementation procedure, advantages, and potential for broader application of this model are explored. This model demonstrates broad applicability and significant potential in higher education chemistry teaching.
To address the growing challenges of conventional teaching methods in the rapidly advancing high-tech field, this study introduces and implements a “project-patent-scholarly paper” integrated teaching model, using “Polymer Processing” course as a case study. This model integrates the distillation of scientific research problems, patent applications, intellectual property protection, and scholarly paper writing and submission into the teaching process. The implementation procedure, advantages, and potential for broader application of this model are explored. This model demonstrates broad applicability and significant potential in higher education chemistry teaching.
2025, 40(4): 147-153
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409009
Abstract:
“Polymer Physics”, as taught to chemistry undergraduates, is known for its extensive use of theoretical formulas. A key challenge in this course is enhancing students' comprehension of fundamental physical concepts while cultivating theoretical analysis skills. Drawing from practical teaching experience, we developed a virtual simulation teaching software for teaching polymer physics that leverages the interactive and visualization capabilities of virtual simulation technology. This paper presents the platform’s core functionalities and discusses our teaching implementation experiences.
“Polymer Physics”, as taught to chemistry undergraduates, is known for its extensive use of theoretical formulas. A key challenge in this course is enhancing students' comprehension of fundamental physical concepts while cultivating theoretical analysis skills. Drawing from practical teaching experience, we developed a virtual simulation teaching software for teaching polymer physics that leverages the interactive and visualization capabilities of virtual simulation technology. This paper presents the platform’s core functionalities and discusses our teaching implementation experiences.
2025, 40(4): 154-159
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409010
Abstract:
As a special class of unconventional aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymers, hyperbranched polysiloxanes have attracted much attention in luminescent materials due to their distinctive structure, excellent properties, and diverse applications. In this paper, starting from the incidental discovery of the luminescent properties of hyperbranched polysiloxanes with Si―O―C backbone structure, we innovatively developed the ‘transesterification polycondensation method’ inspired by the principle of classical esterification reaction. Through molecular design and structural modulation, the multicolor fluorescence emission from blue to red, high quantum yield and long fluorescence lifetime of hyperbranched polysiloxanes have been achieved. These materials also demonstrate practical applications in ion detection, information encryption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Building on these breakthroughs, we present the concept of “Innovation Inspired by Classics” to cultivate students' dialectical thinking and innovative capabilities, while incorporating ideological and political elements into chemistry education.
As a special class of unconventional aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymers, hyperbranched polysiloxanes have attracted much attention in luminescent materials due to their distinctive structure, excellent properties, and diverse applications. In this paper, starting from the incidental discovery of the luminescent properties of hyperbranched polysiloxanes with Si―O―C backbone structure, we innovatively developed the ‘transesterification polycondensation method’ inspired by the principle of classical esterification reaction. Through molecular design and structural modulation, the multicolor fluorescence emission from blue to red, high quantum yield and long fluorescence lifetime of hyperbranched polysiloxanes have been achieved. These materials also demonstrate practical applications in ion detection, information encryption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Building on these breakthroughs, we present the concept of “Innovation Inspired by Classics” to cultivate students' dialectical thinking and innovative capabilities, while incorporating ideological and political elements into chemistry education.
2025, 40(4): 160-165
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202412106
Abstract:
This article presents a scientific debate titled “Is White Pollution the Fault of Plastics?” conducted in the Polymer Physics course. Through seminar-style teaching, we guided students to actively participate in classroom teaching and research activities, thereby effectively fostering the mutual enhancement of teaching and learning.
This article presents a scientific debate titled “Is White Pollution the Fault of Plastics?” conducted in the Polymer Physics course. Through seminar-style teaching, we guided students to actively participate in classroom teaching and research activities, thereby effectively fostering the mutual enhancement of teaching and learning.
2025, 40(4): 166-173
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406101
Abstract:
Physical Chemistry is a mandatory course for pharmacy majors, playing a crucial role in guiding both theoretical understanding and practical applications in drug research, production, quality control, and storage. As a first-class offline course in Guangdong Province, this curriculum implements a student-centered approach, based on the “one core, three integrations, and three enhancements” teaching philosophy. The course integrates deeply with ideological and political education, professional knowledge, and cutting-edge scientific research, aiming to stimulate students’ interest, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and foster innovative scientific thinking. Additionally, the course incorporates rich ideological elements, helping students to cultivate correct worldviews and values. Through this comprehensive curriculum, students’ knowledge, skills, and overall competence are significantly improved, preparing them to become innovative talents with both expertise and integrity.
Physical Chemistry is a mandatory course for pharmacy majors, playing a crucial role in guiding both theoretical understanding and practical applications in drug research, production, quality control, and storage. As a first-class offline course in Guangdong Province, this curriculum implements a student-centered approach, based on the “one core, three integrations, and three enhancements” teaching philosophy. The course integrates deeply with ideological and political education, professional knowledge, and cutting-edge scientific research, aiming to stimulate students’ interest, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and foster innovative scientific thinking. Additionally, the course incorporates rich ideological elements, helping students to cultivate correct worldviews and values. Through this comprehensive curriculum, students’ knowledge, skills, and overall competence are significantly improved, preparing them to become innovative talents with both expertise and integrity.
2025, 40(4): 174-180
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406116
Abstract:
Electrochemistry is extensively studied and applied in analytical and physical chemistry; however, its integration into organic chemistry remains limited. This article aims to promote the incorporation of electrochemical techniques in both theoretical and experimental organic chemistry education. We seek to instill a “green chemistry” ethos among students and to elucidate the significance of organic electrochemical synthesis technologies in advancing ecological sustainability, addressing national needs, and safeguarding public health. This approach is intended to enhance students’ professional identity and social responsibility. By implementing electrochemical applications in organic chemistry and providing guidance for their educational use, we aim to improve the quality of organic chemistry instruction and foster the deeper development of research in this field.
Electrochemistry is extensively studied and applied in analytical and physical chemistry; however, its integration into organic chemistry remains limited. This article aims to promote the incorporation of electrochemical techniques in both theoretical and experimental organic chemistry education. We seek to instill a “green chemistry” ethos among students and to elucidate the significance of organic electrochemical synthesis technologies in advancing ecological sustainability, addressing national needs, and safeguarding public health. This approach is intended to enhance students’ professional identity and social responsibility. By implementing electrochemical applications in organic chemistry and providing guidance for their educational use, we aim to improve the quality of organic chemistry instruction and foster the deeper development of research in this field.
2025, 40(4): 181-188
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405211
Abstract:
One of the important tasks of ideological and political education in the curriculum is to culture students’ critical thinking skills. The ability of critical thinking enables students not to blindly follow, and to think about problems actively and independently, and through differentiation and analysis, enable students know what to believe and what not to believe, which is the basis of innovation. Chemical rumors are closely related to people’s daily life. This article proposes the “three-section” mixed teaching mode, takes chemical rumors as examples of ideological and political education in the curriculum and introduces them into the teaching of organic chemistry to cultivate students’ critical thinking skills as well as their comprehensive quality.
One of the important tasks of ideological and political education in the curriculum is to culture students’ critical thinking skills. The ability of critical thinking enables students not to blindly follow, and to think about problems actively and independently, and through differentiation and analysis, enable students know what to believe and what not to believe, which is the basis of innovation. Chemical rumors are closely related to people’s daily life. This article proposes the “three-section” mixed teaching mode, takes chemical rumors as examples of ideological and political education in the curriculum and introduces them into the teaching of organic chemistry to cultivate students’ critical thinking skills as well as their comprehensive quality.
2025, 40(4): 189-194
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407053
Abstract:
This study explores the integration of theoretical and experimental teaching in physical chemistry courses by incorporating laboratory experiments into the theoretical curriculum. This approach not only reinforces students’ foundational knowledge and experimental skills but also encourages research-based and inquiry-driven learning. It enables students to take a more active role in independent experimental design and employ theoretical simulations to investigate molecular-level changes during experiments. Through independent literature review, experimental design and execution, analysis of experimental phenomena, and theoretical validation, this model enhances students’ understanding of chemical theory and experimental principles, ultimately improving the overall quality of classroom instruction.
This study explores the integration of theoretical and experimental teaching in physical chemistry courses by incorporating laboratory experiments into the theoretical curriculum. This approach not only reinforces students’ foundational knowledge and experimental skills but also encourages research-based and inquiry-driven learning. It enables students to take a more active role in independent experimental design and employ theoretical simulations to investigate molecular-level changes during experiments. Through independent literature review, experimental design and execution, analysis of experimental phenomena, and theoretical validation, this model enhances students’ understanding of chemical theory and experimental principles, ultimately improving the overall quality of classroom instruction.
2025, 40(4): 195-199
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405194
Abstract:
In response to the problem of the "four disconnects" in the ideological and political construction, namely the detachment of teachers, curriculum, profession, and students, this paper proposes solutions focusing on enhancing teachers' sense of primary responsibility, integrating scientific history into the curriculum, aligning engineering ethics cases with professional content, and encouraging students to actively engage in clarification to elevate empathy levels. These solutions, which embody the “four closeness” to teachers, curriculum, profession, and students, are exemplified through the exploration of the case of “University Chemistry”, a demonstration course in ideological and political education in Chongqing Municipality.
In response to the problem of the "four disconnects" in the ideological and political construction, namely the detachment of teachers, curriculum, profession, and students, this paper proposes solutions focusing on enhancing teachers' sense of primary responsibility, integrating scientific history into the curriculum, aligning engineering ethics cases with professional content, and encouraging students to actively engage in clarification to elevate empathy levels. These solutions, which embody the “four closeness” to teachers, curriculum, profession, and students, are exemplified through the exploration of the case of “University Chemistry”, a demonstration course in ideological and political education in Chongqing Municipality.
2025, 40(4): 200-207
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407016
Abstract:
In light of the emerging engineering education initiative, the Structural Chemistry teaching team at South China Normal University has undertaken innovative approaches to teaching Structural Chemistry within the New Energy Materials and Devices (Engineering) program. This innovation aims to transform Structural Chemistry, a traditional science course, into a specialized course that aligns with the principles of “emerging engineering education”. The objective is to establish a new teaching model that utilizes structural chemistry knowledge as a foundation for fostering students’ scientific thinking, reasoning, and innovative capabilities in engineering practice. Both course examination results and student evaluations of classroom quality demonstrate a high level of recognition and satisfaction with the teaching outcomes.
In light of the emerging engineering education initiative, the Structural Chemistry teaching team at South China Normal University has undertaken innovative approaches to teaching Structural Chemistry within the New Energy Materials and Devices (Engineering) program. This innovation aims to transform Structural Chemistry, a traditional science course, into a specialized course that aligns with the principles of “emerging engineering education”. The objective is to establish a new teaching model that utilizes structural chemistry knowledge as a foundation for fostering students’ scientific thinking, reasoning, and innovative capabilities in engineering practice. Both course examination results and student evaluations of classroom quality demonstrate a high level of recognition and satisfaction with the teaching outcomes.
2025, 40(4): 208-214
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406006
Abstract:
To enhance the teaching effectiveness of inorganic chemistry laboratory courses and more efficiently cultivate comprehensive and innovative talents for the nation and society, this paper introduces a novel diversified teaching model centered on “two objectives and five modules”. This model incorporates methods such as goal-oriented online pre-learning, case-based classroom experiments, student-created experiment explanation videos, self-selected interest-based extension classes, and a multi-faceted assessment mechanism. These strategies enrich course content, increase student engagement, and provide a conducive environment for fostering innovation and problem-solving skills, thereby significantly improving overall teaching outcomes.
To enhance the teaching effectiveness of inorganic chemistry laboratory courses and more efficiently cultivate comprehensive and innovative talents for the nation and society, this paper introduces a novel diversified teaching model centered on “two objectives and five modules”. This model incorporates methods such as goal-oriented online pre-learning, case-based classroom experiments, student-created experiment explanation videos, self-selected interest-based extension classes, and a multi-faceted assessment mechanism. These strategies enrich course content, increase student engagement, and provide a conducive environment for fostering innovation and problem-solving skills, thereby significantly improving overall teaching outcomes.
2025, 40(4): 215-223
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406036
Abstract:
Scientific literacy courses are essential for developing students’ scientific thinking skills and enhancing public scientific literacy. However, these courses often face challenges such as low student motivation and ineffective teaching outcomes. This paper introduces a gamified teaching approach, inspired by the core principles of first-class course design, and applies it to the course Detective Conan and Chemical Exploration. This gamified curriculum was implemented in elective undergraduate courses at Hunan Normal University and Central South University, aiming to meet the standards of first-class courses while improving students’ overall scientific literacy. In this teaching model, students act as primary “game players”, with the goal of acquiring knowledge and improving skills. Teachers and teaching assistants take on the role of NPCs (non-player characters), guiding the learning process. The course incorporates various game elements, such as team-based activities, level systems, real-time feedback, and points redemption, to foster an immersive learning experience. These game mechanics significantly increase student engagement and classroom vitality, leading to notable improvements in teaching outcomes.
Scientific literacy courses are essential for developing students’ scientific thinking skills and enhancing public scientific literacy. However, these courses often face challenges such as low student motivation and ineffective teaching outcomes. This paper introduces a gamified teaching approach, inspired by the core principles of first-class course design, and applies it to the course Detective Conan and Chemical Exploration. This gamified curriculum was implemented in elective undergraduate courses at Hunan Normal University and Central South University, aiming to meet the standards of first-class courses while improving students’ overall scientific literacy. In this teaching model, students act as primary “game players”, with the goal of acquiring knowledge and improving skills. Teachers and teaching assistants take on the role of NPCs (non-player characters), guiding the learning process. The course incorporates various game elements, such as team-based activities, level systems, real-time feedback, and points redemption, to foster an immersive learning experience. These game mechanics significantly increase student engagement and classroom vitality, leading to notable improvements in teaching outcomes.
2025, 40(4): 224-231
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405138
Abstract:
Concept mapping, as a tool for organizing and representing knowledge, has become an effective strategy for teaching science courses due to its ability to facilitate meaningful learning and reduce extraneous cognitive load. This approach is particularly beneficial for students with limited language proficiency. To help students succeed in the English Medium Instruction (EMI), this study integrated concept mapping assignments into the EMI-based General Chemistry course. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated through statistical analyses student’s academic performance, assessment of concept mapping assignments, and student’s perceptions of their implementation of concept mapping assignments.
Concept mapping, as a tool for organizing and representing knowledge, has become an effective strategy for teaching science courses due to its ability to facilitate meaningful learning and reduce extraneous cognitive load. This approach is particularly beneficial for students with limited language proficiency. To help students succeed in the English Medium Instruction (EMI), this study integrated concept mapping assignments into the EMI-based General Chemistry course. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated through statistical analyses student’s academic performance, assessment of concept mapping assignments, and student’s perceptions of their implementation of concept mapping assignments.
2025, 40(4): 232-238
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405179
Abstract:
The traditional instrument analysis experimental teaching system has primarily focused on classic cases, lacking exploration of cutting-edge fields and emerging technologies. Furthermore, it fails to closely align with the needs of industry, resulting in a disconnect between students and actual engineering. This gap hinders students' comprehensive development and does not meet the innovation needs of enterprises. It is urgent to update and expand the teaching system to better align with the evolving demands of the times and the requirements for industrial talent cultivation. To address the need for high-quality composite industrial talents, the course team has followed the guiding ideology of the national modern industrial college construction. By closely aligning with regional industrial characteristics, the original experimental teaching system has been restructured and sequenced under the guidance of “one fundamental core” and “three ability cultivations”. This has led to the formation of an operable, “four integrations and four stages” hierarchical, progressive teaching system, aiming to achieve deeper integration between curriculum and industry, and fostering application-oriented innovative talents capable of adapting to and leading the progress of modern industry.
The traditional instrument analysis experimental teaching system has primarily focused on classic cases, lacking exploration of cutting-edge fields and emerging technologies. Furthermore, it fails to closely align with the needs of industry, resulting in a disconnect between students and actual engineering. This gap hinders students' comprehensive development and does not meet the innovation needs of enterprises. It is urgent to update and expand the teaching system to better align with the evolving demands of the times and the requirements for industrial talent cultivation. To address the need for high-quality composite industrial talents, the course team has followed the guiding ideology of the national modern industrial college construction. By closely aligning with regional industrial characteristics, the original experimental teaching system has been restructured and sequenced under the guidance of “one fundamental core” and “three ability cultivations”. This has led to the formation of an operable, “four integrations and four stages” hierarchical, progressive teaching system, aiming to achieve deeper integration between curriculum and industry, and fostering application-oriented innovative talents capable of adapting to and leading the progress of modern industry.
2025, 40(4): 239-244
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406090
Abstract:
Transition metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom bond formation is a crucial area in synthetic organic chemistry. The Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction, catalyzed by copper, facilitates the conversion of olefins to allylic esters using tert-butyl peroxybenzoate as both an oxidant and oxygen source. In line with the “National Dual-Carbon Strategy”, the development of green and efficient catalytic systems for carbon-based transformations has become a key focus in organic chemistry. In this context, the Kharasch-Sosnovsky-type reaction has witnesses notable advances regarding asymmetric versions, ligand design, substrate scope expansion, and sustainable conditions. By surveying the cutting-edge chemical research, this paper presents a concise overview of the discovery and new progress of Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction. It is hoped that this review can not only enhance students’ comprehension of fundamental organic chemistry concepts, but also effectively fill the gaps in existing textbooks, achieving a deep integration of basic chemical knowledge with cutting-edge research in the discipline.
Transition metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom bond formation is a crucial area in synthetic organic chemistry. The Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction, catalyzed by copper, facilitates the conversion of olefins to allylic esters using tert-butyl peroxybenzoate as both an oxidant and oxygen source. In line with the “National Dual-Carbon Strategy”, the development of green and efficient catalytic systems for carbon-based transformations has become a key focus in organic chemistry. In this context, the Kharasch-Sosnovsky-type reaction has witnesses notable advances regarding asymmetric versions, ligand design, substrate scope expansion, and sustainable conditions. By surveying the cutting-edge chemical research, this paper presents a concise overview of the discovery and new progress of Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction. It is hoped that this review can not only enhance students’ comprehension of fundamental organic chemistry concepts, but also effectively fill the gaps in existing textbooks, achieving a deep integration of basic chemical knowledge with cutting-edge research in the discipline.
2025, 40(4): 245-252
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405186
Abstract:
Phenols, produced at an annual volume exceeding ten million tons, are widely used in various key organic transformations due to their low cost. In introductory chemistry courses, the reactions of phenols typically involve substitutions at the electron-rich aromatic ring or the hydroxyl oxygen, leaving the inert C―O bond intact in the final products. To expand the utility of phenols, researchers have developed metal-catalyzed strategies that cleave the C―O bond by introducing activating groups at the oxygen atom, enabling efficient deoxygenative coupling reactions. However, these methods often require harsh conditions and may result in metal contamination, limiting their use in pharmaceutical and other sensitive applications. To address these limitations, recent studies have demonstrated that simple phenol derivatives can selectively cleave the inert C―O bond under mild conditions, using light or electricity to generate aryl radicals. The high reactivity and selectivity of these radicals enable novel and efficient chemical transformations, offering new strategies for the application of phenols in organic synthesis. This paper reviews recent advancements in using trifluoromethanesulfonates, phosphates, and carbonates of phenols as aryl radical precursors, discussing the challenges and breakthroughs in constructing complex molecules with high precision. This review aims to broaden the knowledge of advanced students in the field.
Phenols, produced at an annual volume exceeding ten million tons, are widely used in various key organic transformations due to their low cost. In introductory chemistry courses, the reactions of phenols typically involve substitutions at the electron-rich aromatic ring or the hydroxyl oxygen, leaving the inert C―O bond intact in the final products. To expand the utility of phenols, researchers have developed metal-catalyzed strategies that cleave the C―O bond by introducing activating groups at the oxygen atom, enabling efficient deoxygenative coupling reactions. However, these methods often require harsh conditions and may result in metal contamination, limiting their use in pharmaceutical and other sensitive applications. To address these limitations, recent studies have demonstrated that simple phenol derivatives can selectively cleave the inert C―O bond under mild conditions, using light or electricity to generate aryl radicals. The high reactivity and selectivity of these radicals enable novel and efficient chemical transformations, offering new strategies for the application of phenols in organic synthesis. This paper reviews recent advancements in using trifluoromethanesulfonates, phosphates, and carbonates of phenols as aryl radical precursors, discussing the challenges and breakthroughs in constructing complex molecules with high precision. This review aims to broaden the knowledge of advanced students in the field.
2025, 40(4): 253-260
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405171
Abstract:
Incorporating cutting-edge scientific examples into classroom teaching not only clarifies the practical value of fundamental research but also sparks students’ curiosity and fosters their enthusiasm for exploring advanced topics. Radical chemistry, a critical area of organic chemistry, is known for its high reactivity, complex mechanisms, and diverse products, making it both a key and challenging topic in organic chemistry education. In recent years, organic radicals, with their unique narrow-bandgap structural properties, have garnered significant attention in biomedical research, resulting in breakthroughs in diagnostics and treatment. However, as chemical species with unpaired electrons, radicals often exhibit kinetic and thermodynamic instability, which constrains their broader practical use. This article discusses the structural types and synthesis strategies for stabilizing organic radicals and explores their potential applications in precision biomedical diagnostics and photo-triggered therapies. Integrating the latest research on radicals into classroom instruction enhances students’ comprehension and expertise in this field.
Incorporating cutting-edge scientific examples into classroom teaching not only clarifies the practical value of fundamental research but also sparks students’ curiosity and fosters their enthusiasm for exploring advanced topics. Radical chemistry, a critical area of organic chemistry, is known for its high reactivity, complex mechanisms, and diverse products, making it both a key and challenging topic in organic chemistry education. In recent years, organic radicals, with their unique narrow-bandgap structural properties, have garnered significant attention in biomedical research, resulting in breakthroughs in diagnostics and treatment. However, as chemical species with unpaired electrons, radicals often exhibit kinetic and thermodynamic instability, which constrains their broader practical use. This article discusses the structural types and synthesis strategies for stabilizing organic radicals and explores their potential applications in precision biomedical diagnostics and photo-triggered therapies. Integrating the latest research on radicals into classroom instruction enhances students’ comprehension and expertise in this field.
2025, 40(4): 261-276
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406117
Abstract:
In recent years, electrocatalytic organic synthesis has attracted increasing attention. Its advantages such as low pollution and high atomic efficiency give it a huge advantage over traditional organic synthesis methods and meet the social requirements of green chemistry. Therefore, detecting the reaction process and key intermediates at the electrode interface from the molecular level has important guiding significance for understanding the reaction mechanism and designing more efficient catalysts. Raman spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy that is non-destructive and uninterrupted by water. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has ultra-high surface sensitivity. It can provide key information on the catalyst surface structure, adsorbed substances and intermediates during the reaction, and provide a reliable platform for exploring the reaction mechanism. This article reviews the recent advances in electrocatalytic organic reaction mechanisms probed by in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Specifically, Raman spectroscopy reveals important intermediates, active substances and reaction pathways in electrocatalytic hydrogenation, activations of C―O, C―X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and C―H bonds. By analyzing specific cases, it aims to help students understand the research frontiers of organic electrosynthesis and stimulate interest in exploring synthetic electrochemistry, one of IUPAC’s “Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry” in 2023.
In recent years, electrocatalytic organic synthesis has attracted increasing attention. Its advantages such as low pollution and high atomic efficiency give it a huge advantage over traditional organic synthesis methods and meet the social requirements of green chemistry. Therefore, detecting the reaction process and key intermediates at the electrode interface from the molecular level has important guiding significance for understanding the reaction mechanism and designing more efficient catalysts. Raman spectroscopy is a type of vibrational spectroscopy that is non-destructive and uninterrupted by water. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has ultra-high surface sensitivity. It can provide key information on the catalyst surface structure, adsorbed substances and intermediates during the reaction, and provide a reliable platform for exploring the reaction mechanism. This article reviews the recent advances in electrocatalytic organic reaction mechanisms probed by in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Specifically, Raman spectroscopy reveals important intermediates, active substances and reaction pathways in electrocatalytic hydrogenation, activations of C―O, C―X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and C―H bonds. By analyzing specific cases, it aims to help students understand the research frontiers of organic electrosynthesis and stimulate interest in exploring synthetic electrochemistry, one of IUPAC’s “Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry” in 2023.
2025, 40(4): 277-281
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407017
Abstract:
Nitroarenes are widely utilized in organic synthesis and are a key topic in undergraduate organic chemistry curricula. However, efficient methods for denitrative transformations of nitroarenes under mild conditions remain limited. In recent years, green electrochemical synthesis has emerged as a promising approach for the selective C―N bond transformations of nitroarenes. This mini-review highlights recent advances in electrochemically facilitated denitrative transformations of nitroarenes, using reaction examples that are accessible to undergraduate students. These examples aim to expand students’ understanding of denitrative processes, stimulate their interest in the field, enhance their learning experience, and enrich their knowledge base.
Nitroarenes are widely utilized in organic synthesis and are a key topic in undergraduate organic chemistry curricula. However, efficient methods for denitrative transformations of nitroarenes under mild conditions remain limited. In recent years, green electrochemical synthesis has emerged as a promising approach for the selective C―N bond transformations of nitroarenes. This mini-review highlights recent advances in electrochemically facilitated denitrative transformations of nitroarenes, using reaction examples that are accessible to undergraduate students. These examples aim to expand students’ understanding of denitrative processes, stimulate their interest in the field, enhance their learning experience, and enrich their knowledge base.
2025, 40(4): 282-290
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407058
Abstract:
Carbonyl oxonium intermediates are highly reactive and prone to a variety of reactions. This paper outlines five key types of reactions involving carbonyl oxonium intermediates in university-level organic chemistry education: addition, substitution, decomposition, isomerization, and pericyclic reactions. The role of carbonyl oxonium as a crucial intermediate in the mechanisms of complex organic reactions is discussed. It is important to note that the reactivity of carbonyl oxonium is multifaceted and subject to competition and coexistence among these different reaction types. A thorough understanding of these five reactions enhances scientific reasoning and literacy in organic chemistry, aligning with the educational philosophy that “organic chemistry is both a science and an art”.
Carbonyl oxonium intermediates are highly reactive and prone to a variety of reactions. This paper outlines five key types of reactions involving carbonyl oxonium intermediates in university-level organic chemistry education: addition, substitution, decomposition, isomerization, and pericyclic reactions. The role of carbonyl oxonium as a crucial intermediate in the mechanisms of complex organic reactions is discussed. It is important to note that the reactivity of carbonyl oxonium is multifaceted and subject to competition and coexistence among these different reaction types. A thorough understanding of these five reactions enhances scientific reasoning and literacy in organic chemistry, aligning with the educational philosophy that “organic chemistry is both a science and an art”.
2025, 40(4): 291-298
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405174
Abstract:
Chirality plays an important role in fields such as biology, pharmacology and chemical reactions. In practical applications, only one specific configuration of chiral materials typically exhibits the desired effects, making chiral separation essential. The framework materials, with their diverse structures and ease of modification, are highly effective as chromatographic stationary phases for the efficient separation of chiral substances. This paper reviews the latest research on framework material stationary phases for chiral separations and discusses the challenges and application prospects of framework material stationary phases.
Chirality plays an important role in fields such as biology, pharmacology and chemical reactions. In practical applications, only one specific configuration of chiral materials typically exhibits the desired effects, making chiral separation essential. The framework materials, with their diverse structures and ease of modification, are highly effective as chromatographic stationary phases for the efficient separation of chiral substances. This paper reviews the latest research on framework material stationary phases for chiral separations and discusses the challenges and application prospects of framework material stationary phases.
2025, 40(4): 299-306
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405205
Abstract:
As a significant branch of organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds play key roles in various fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, chemical industries, and environmental protection. However, public perception of these compounds is largely confined to organophosphorus pesticides, leading many to “fear phosphorus” due to their known toxicity. This paper uses an anthropomorphic approach to vividly explain the poisoning mechanisms, detoxification measures, and safe usage practices of organophosphorus pesticides. It also highlights the broader applications of organophosphorus compounds, aiming to provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of these substances through an engaging and informative narrative.
As a significant branch of organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds play key roles in various fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, chemical industries, and environmental protection. However, public perception of these compounds is largely confined to organophosphorus pesticides, leading many to “fear phosphorus” due to their known toxicity. This paper uses an anthropomorphic approach to vividly explain the poisoning mechanisms, detoxification measures, and safe usage practices of organophosphorus pesticides. It also highlights the broader applications of organophosphorus compounds, aiming to provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of these substances through an engaging and informative narrative.
2025, 40(4): 307-321
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405206
Abstract:
This paper effectively employs anthropomorphism to narrate the discovery history, classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects on human health, and guidelines for antibiotic use. It aims to engage readers in an enjoyable exploration of fundamental antibiotic knowledge.
This paper effectively employs anthropomorphism to narrate the discovery history, classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects on human health, and guidelines for antibiotic use. It aims to engage readers in an enjoyable exploration of fundamental antibiotic knowledge.
2025, 40(4): 322-325
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406016
Abstract:
In the “human body” factory, the director of the hepatocyte workshop, nicknamed “Xiaodeng”, manages ethanol metabolism to maintain stability. However, with the onset of diseases like diabetes and insomnia, the central nervous system introduces foreign aids such as sedatives and antihypertensive drugs. Xiaodeng inadvertently overlooks the potential disulfiram-like reaction between medications and aldehyde dehydrogenase. In an unfortunate incident, a conflict between cephalosporin drugs and ethanol metabolism inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to acetaldehyde accumulation and ensuing chaos. Recognizing the oversight, Xiaodeng strengthens safety measures and instructs workers to exercise caution when using medications. Although the crisis is contained, this experience underscores the hepatocytes’ enhanced sense of responsibility and mission. We should learn from this and prioritize life, avoiding unnecessary risks such as excessive alcohol consumption. Let us unite in safeguarding this miraculous factory to ensure its safety and prosperity.
In the “human body” factory, the director of the hepatocyte workshop, nicknamed “Xiaodeng”, manages ethanol metabolism to maintain stability. However, with the onset of diseases like diabetes and insomnia, the central nervous system introduces foreign aids such as sedatives and antihypertensive drugs. Xiaodeng inadvertently overlooks the potential disulfiram-like reaction between medications and aldehyde dehydrogenase. In an unfortunate incident, a conflict between cephalosporin drugs and ethanol metabolism inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to acetaldehyde accumulation and ensuing chaos. Recognizing the oversight, Xiaodeng strengthens safety measures and instructs workers to exercise caution when using medications. Although the crisis is contained, this experience underscores the hepatocytes’ enhanced sense of responsibility and mission. We should learn from this and prioritize life, avoiding unnecessary risks such as excessive alcohol consumption. Let us unite in safeguarding this miraculous factory to ensure its safety and prosperity.
2025, 40(4): 326-330
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406038
Abstract:
Originating from moldy sweet clover and developed in a biochemical laboratory, warfarin was initially deployed as a potent rodenticide. However, its journey into the medical field was met with skepticism and opposition, largely due to its reputation as a poison and circulating rumors. Scientists eventually uncovered warfarin’s anticoagulant mechanism and demonstrated the benefits of its use in anticoagulation therapy for patients. Since then, warfarin and its derivatives have become key agents in both anticoagulant treatment and rodent control.
Originating from moldy sweet clover and developed in a biochemical laboratory, warfarin was initially deployed as a potent rodenticide. However, its journey into the medical field was met with skepticism and opposition, largely due to its reputation as a poison and circulating rumors. Scientists eventually uncovered warfarin’s anticoagulant mechanism and demonstrated the benefits of its use in anticoagulation therapy for patients. Since then, warfarin and its derivatives have become key agents in both anticoagulant treatment and rodent control.
2025, 40(4): 331-339
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406082
Abstract:
This article presents a story about the laws of thermodynamics through a personified narrative. The protagonist, “Miss Electron”, dances gracefully in the microscopic world, her movements symbolizing chemical reactions. Her mentors, Clausius and Boltzmann, impart knowledge of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics, which govern the rules of her dance. Although “Miss Electron” follows these laws, she dreams of performing a “contra-thermodynamic” dance, inspired by electrocatalytic reactions. In the real world, she encounters “Mr. Battery”, embarking on a journey into the realm of organic electrocatalysis. This encounter represents the tension and harmony between tradition and innovation in scientific discovery, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced by a young dreamer. Through a compelling narrative, the article introduces methods for calculating changes in Gibbs free energy during chemical reactions, and explores how electrocatalytic reactions use electrical work to input energy into a system, thereby enabling chemical reactions with positive Gibbs free energy changes—what recent literatures refer to as “contra-thermodynamic” reactions. The article illustrates the importance of these reactions in chemical research through two examples: water electrolysis and electrocatalytic cyclic deracemization (ECD). Furthermore, it discusses the challenges adolescents face in their quest for self-identity, highlighting the importance of embracing innovation and daring to break boundaries: true innovation lies not in discarding established principles, but in creating new possibilities within existing constraints.
This article presents a story about the laws of thermodynamics through a personified narrative. The protagonist, “Miss Electron”, dances gracefully in the microscopic world, her movements symbolizing chemical reactions. Her mentors, Clausius and Boltzmann, impart knowledge of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics, which govern the rules of her dance. Although “Miss Electron” follows these laws, she dreams of performing a “contra-thermodynamic” dance, inspired by electrocatalytic reactions. In the real world, she encounters “Mr. Battery”, embarking on a journey into the realm of organic electrocatalysis. This encounter represents the tension and harmony between tradition and innovation in scientific discovery, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced by a young dreamer. Through a compelling narrative, the article introduces methods for calculating changes in Gibbs free energy during chemical reactions, and explores how electrocatalytic reactions use electrical work to input energy into a system, thereby enabling chemical reactions with positive Gibbs free energy changes—what recent literatures refer to as “contra-thermodynamic” reactions. The article illustrates the importance of these reactions in chemical research through two examples: water electrolysis and electrocatalytic cyclic deracemization (ECD). Furthermore, it discusses the challenges adolescents face in their quest for self-identity, highlighting the importance of embracing innovation and daring to break boundaries: true innovation lies not in discarding established principles, but in creating new possibilities within existing constraints.
2025, 40(4): 340-345
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406111
Abstract:
Digital PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) enables highly sensitive nucleic acid detection, allowing for the analysis of individual molecules. With its unique capability for absolute quantitation and high sensitivity, digital PCR has emerged as a powerful tool in biomolecular research. This article presents digital PCR from a first-person perspective, allowing readers to appreciate the evolution, technical principles, and applications of digital PCR during the pandemic.
Digital PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) enables highly sensitive nucleic acid detection, allowing for the analysis of individual molecules. With its unique capability for absolute quantitation and high sensitivity, digital PCR has emerged as a powerful tool in biomolecular research. This article presents digital PCR from a first-person perspective, allowing readers to appreciate the evolution, technical principles, and applications of digital PCR during the pandemic.
2025, 40(4): 346-352
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405146
Abstract:
Science popularization activities should not only disseminate scientific knowledge but also promote scientific thinking methods. This study explores and implements chemical science popularization activities that embody these scientific ideas and methods. Using the project “Recovering Silver from Silver-Containing Wastewater” as an example, we briefly introduce the implementation of an engaging science popularization activity plan centered around the concept of controlling variables. This approach aims to enhance the public’s understanding of controlling variables through three levels: recognizing scientific variables, understanding the method of controlling variables, and experiencing the application of this concept. This progression ultimately aims to improve scientific literacy. Additionally, discussions on the toxicity and pollution of silver-containing wastewater, along with recovery and treatment methods and their values, foster the public’s awareness of green environmental protection and the principles of resource recycling.
Science popularization activities should not only disseminate scientific knowledge but also promote scientific thinking methods. This study explores and implements chemical science popularization activities that embody these scientific ideas and methods. Using the project “Recovering Silver from Silver-Containing Wastewater” as an example, we briefly introduce the implementation of an engaging science popularization activity plan centered around the concept of controlling variables. This approach aims to enhance the public’s understanding of controlling variables through three levels: recognizing scientific variables, understanding the method of controlling variables, and experiencing the application of this concept. This progression ultimately aims to improve scientific literacy. Additionally, discussions on the toxicity and pollution of silver-containing wastewater, along with recovery and treatment methods and their values, foster the public’s awareness of green environmental protection and the principles of resource recycling.
2025, 40(4): 353-358
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406103
Abstract:
Based on the practical work of radiation environmental monitoring, we have designed an undergraduate experiment to measure uranium isotopes in environmental water samples using alpha-spectroscopy. This experiment comprises three parts: uranium separation and purification, preparation of the electroplating source, and spectrometer measurement with data analysis. Through this experiment, students gain hands-on experience in the actual environmental monitoring process, deepen their understanding of alpha-spectrometers, enhance their operational skills, and promote the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience.
Based on the practical work of radiation environmental monitoring, we have designed an undergraduate experiment to measure uranium isotopes in environmental water samples using alpha-spectroscopy. This experiment comprises three parts: uranium separation and purification, preparation of the electroplating source, and spectrometer measurement with data analysis. Through this experiment, students gain hands-on experience in the actual environmental monitoring process, deepen their understanding of alpha-spectrometers, enhance their operational skills, and promote the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience.
2025, 40(4): 359-366
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406107
Abstract:
Spiro compounds are of great interest in drug design and organic synthesis due to their unique three-dimensional structures and biological activities. Traditional methods for synthesizing spiro compounds often involve the use of stoichiometric oxidants, which can be harsh and complicated. In this experiment, dearomative spirocyclization of N-acyl sulfonamides is achieved efficiently and in an environmentally friendly manner through electrochemical oxidation. During the experimental course, students will learn the fundamental principles of electrochemical synthesis, acquire operational skills, and gain an understanding of the synthetic mechanisms involved in electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization. By guiding students to explore the experimental mechanisms and integrating theoretical knowledge with practical application, this approach enhances their experimental skills and scientific inquiry abilities while fostering an appreciation for green chemistry and sustainable synthesis methods.
Spiro compounds are of great interest in drug design and organic synthesis due to their unique three-dimensional structures and biological activities. Traditional methods for synthesizing spiro compounds often involve the use of stoichiometric oxidants, which can be harsh and complicated. In this experiment, dearomative spirocyclization of N-acyl sulfonamides is achieved efficiently and in an environmentally friendly manner through electrochemical oxidation. During the experimental course, students will learn the fundamental principles of electrochemical synthesis, acquire operational skills, and gain an understanding of the synthetic mechanisms involved in electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization. By guiding students to explore the experimental mechanisms and integrating theoretical knowledge with practical application, this approach enhances their experimental skills and scientific inquiry abilities while fostering an appreciation for green chemistry and sustainable synthesis methods.
2025, 40(4): 367-374
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406113
Abstract:
Solutions serve as a common reaction environment across various fields such as chemistry, materials science, and biology. Understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of solutions is of significant importance; however, undergraduate laboratory courses often lack experiments that focus on solution structure. This study employs nitrile compounds as infrared spectral probes to investigate molecular-ion interactions in solution using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). By varying the solute concentration and modulating the solvent’s induction effect, steric hindrance, and coordination, we analyze their impact on the solvation structure. This experiment integrates knowledge from instrumental analysis, physical chemistry, and organic chemistry, while also expanding the applicability of infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the straightforward experimental procedures enhance students’ investigative skills and creative thinking, making it a valuable addition to innovative undergraduate laboratory courses.
Solutions serve as a common reaction environment across various fields such as chemistry, materials science, and biology. Understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of solutions is of significant importance; however, undergraduate laboratory courses often lack experiments that focus on solution structure. This study employs nitrile compounds as infrared spectral probes to investigate molecular-ion interactions in solution using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). By varying the solute concentration and modulating the solvent’s induction effect, steric hindrance, and coordination, we analyze their impact on the solvation structure. This experiment integrates knowledge from instrumental analysis, physical chemistry, and organic chemistry, while also expanding the applicability of infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the straightforward experimental procedures enhance students’ investigative skills and creative thinking, making it a valuable addition to innovative undergraduate laboratory courses.
2025, 40(4): 375-381
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406005
Abstract:
Silver nanoclusters with fluorescent properties were prepared in aqueous solution using poly(methacrylic acid, sodium salt) as a stabilizer. The reduction of silver ions was achieved through heating or light irradiation. The silver nanoclusters were subsequently obtained in powder form using ethanol precipitation method. The optical properties of these silver nanoclusters were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The experiment leveraged the color changes observed during nanocluster formation to visualize the nanoscale reaction process, aiding students in developing an intuitive understanding of both the reaction mechanisms and spectral data. Grounded in fundamental materials chemistry knowledge and incorporating cutting-edge scientific research, this experiment not only reinforces basic concepts but also broadens students’ perspectives. Moreover, it stimulates their enthusiasm for scientific research while nurturing their experimental skills and fostering innovative abilities.
Silver nanoclusters with fluorescent properties were prepared in aqueous solution using poly(methacrylic acid, sodium salt) as a stabilizer. The reduction of silver ions was achieved through heating or light irradiation. The silver nanoclusters were subsequently obtained in powder form using ethanol precipitation method. The optical properties of these silver nanoclusters were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The experiment leveraged the color changes observed during nanocluster formation to visualize the nanoscale reaction process, aiding students in developing an intuitive understanding of both the reaction mechanisms and spectral data. Grounded in fundamental materials chemistry knowledge and incorporating cutting-edge scientific research, this experiment not only reinforces basic concepts but also broadens students’ perspectives. Moreover, it stimulates their enthusiasm for scientific research while nurturing their experimental skills and fostering innovative abilities.
2025, 40(4): 382-389
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406078
Abstract:
This experiment focuses on the preparation of cream cosmetics and innovatively develops gradient science popularization activities tailored to audiences with varying knowledge backgrounds. Utilizing original videos, informative flyers, PPT presentations, and on-site guidance, the experiment elucidates the principles of emulsification and related cosmetic knowledge to primary and secondary school students, as well as the general public, while introducing the cosmetic preparation process. For programs targeting college students, the complexity and depth of the experiments are increased, allowing students to independently conduct the preparation and performance characterization of cosmetics. This popular science experiment has garnered unanimous praise in practice and possesses significant practical relevance and promotional value.
This experiment focuses on the preparation of cream cosmetics and innovatively develops gradient science popularization activities tailored to audiences with varying knowledge backgrounds. Utilizing original videos, informative flyers, PPT presentations, and on-site guidance, the experiment elucidates the principles of emulsification and related cosmetic knowledge to primary and secondary school students, as well as the general public, while introducing the cosmetic preparation process. For programs targeting college students, the complexity and depth of the experiments are increased, allowing students to independently conduct the preparation and performance characterization of cosmetics. This popular science experiment has garnered unanimous praise in practice and possesses significant practical relevance and promotional value.
2025, 40(4): 390-398
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405147
Abstract:
The existing instrument analysis experiment, “Molecular fluorescence method for the determination of rhodamine B”, is overly simplistic and dose not account for real-world complexities. To address these issues, this improved experiment utilizes three-dimensional fluorescence scanning to acquire sample data. Instead of complex preprocessing steps, chemometric algorithms are applied to extract the pure signals of the target analytes, enabling the simultaneous determination of rhodamine 6G and rhodamine 123 in dyed chili. This improvement enhances students' ability to approach problems comprehensively and develop innovative solutions.
The existing instrument analysis experiment, “Molecular fluorescence method for the determination of rhodamine B”, is overly simplistic and dose not account for real-world complexities. To address these issues, this improved experiment utilizes three-dimensional fluorescence scanning to acquire sample data. Instead of complex preprocessing steps, chemometric algorithms are applied to extract the pure signals of the target analytes, enabling the simultaneous determination of rhodamine 6G and rhodamine 123 in dyed chili. This improvement enhances students' ability to approach problems comprehensively and develop innovative solutions.
2025, 40(4): 399-407
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407102
Abstract:
In the reversible thermodynamic cycles, the relationship between temperature and entropy of the system can be expressed by the temperature–entropy diagram (T–S diagram), which can simultaneously visualize the heat absorbed from the surroundings and the work done by the system, and thus the ideal heat-to-work conversion efficiency can be theoretically calculated accordingly. This article summarizes the application of T–S diagram in the several classical thermodynamic cycles for heat-to-work conversion, and also introduces the recent advances in the new energy-harvesting processes from the low-grade heat sources based on the temperature and/or concentration effects of electrode potential under the direction of T–S diagram. The purpose of this article is to deepen people’s understanding and also to broaden the application range of T–S diagram.
In the reversible thermodynamic cycles, the relationship between temperature and entropy of the system can be expressed by the temperature–entropy diagram (T–S diagram), which can simultaneously visualize the heat absorbed from the surroundings and the work done by the system, and thus the ideal heat-to-work conversion efficiency can be theoretically calculated accordingly. This article summarizes the application of T–S diagram in the several classical thermodynamic cycles for heat-to-work conversion, and also introduces the recent advances in the new energy-harvesting processes from the low-grade heat sources based on the temperature and/or concentration effects of electrode potential under the direction of T–S diagram. The purpose of this article is to deepen people’s understanding and also to broaden the application range of T–S diagram.
2025, 40(4): 408-414
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405200
Abstract:
Medicinal Chemistry is a crucial course in the discipline of pharmacy administration. This paper uses the discovery of the anticancer function of cisplatin as a case study to deeply explore ideological and political education in antitumor drugs. Using Cisplatin as an example, the study extends to metal-based drugs and discusses other mechanism-based antitumor drugs, summarizing their related targets and anticancer mechanisms to demonstrate the diversity of antitumor drugs. The course employs a combination of systematic lectures, case teaching, and flipped classroom approaches to enhance student engagement while embedding ideological and political education throughout the learning process, thereby enhancing teaching effectiveness. This teaching mode aims to exercise students' innovative thinking, enhance their practical abilities, and strengthen their ideological and political awareness.
Medicinal Chemistry is a crucial course in the discipline of pharmacy administration. This paper uses the discovery of the anticancer function of cisplatin as a case study to deeply explore ideological and political education in antitumor drugs. Using Cisplatin as an example, the study extends to metal-based drugs and discusses other mechanism-based antitumor drugs, summarizing their related targets and anticancer mechanisms to demonstrate the diversity of antitumor drugs. The course employs a combination of systematic lectures, case teaching, and flipped classroom approaches to enhance student engagement while embedding ideological and political education throughout the learning process, thereby enhancing teaching effectiveness. This teaching mode aims to exercise students' innovative thinking, enhance their practical abilities, and strengthen their ideological and political awareness.
