Citation: Arif Ali, Chen Zhao. Direct liquefaction techniques on lignite coal: A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, ;2020, 41(3): 375-389. doi: S1872-2067(19)63492-3 shu

Direct liquefaction techniques on lignite coal: A review

Arif Ali ^a, ,
Chen Zhao ^a,b

a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
b Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Received Date: 2 June 2019
Revised Date: 2 August 2019

Fund Project: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0701100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21573075), Institute of Eco-Chongming (ECNU-IEC-201902) and the Recruitment Program of Global Young Experts in China.

With the pressure owing to fossil oil shortages, direct liquefaction is attracting significant attention as a highly efficient and low-cost technique for lignite-to-fuel conversion. In this review, the diverse catalytic systems and mechanisms involved in lignite liquefaction are reviewed. The top five global technologies include IGOR (Germany), HTI (the USA), FFI (Russia), NEDOL (Japan), and Shenhua (China), which have already been applied in industrial scales. Among the five technologies, Shenhua (China) outputs as high as 3000 t/d using a suspended bed reactor, iron-based catalyst, and rehydrogenated recycled solvents (paraffin, aromatics, etc.). The conversion of lignite is quite difficult due to the presence of ionic bond and non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding; thus, it is well recognized that the catalytic liquefaction under relatively mild conditions is more feasible than non-catalytic liquefaction. Iron-based catalysts can efficiently facilitate the lignite liquefaction and promote the lignite cracking aided by a hydrogen-donor solvent; thus, they have attracted interest from researchers globally. The different liquefaction mechanisms of lignite including free radical, oxidation, alkanolysis, and hydrogenation lead to the corresponding products:preasphaltene and asphaltene, mixed carboxylic acids, mixed esters and ethers, and cyclic compounds, respectively. Therefore, the catalytic system of the lignite liquefaction process would be accordingly optimized and modified to afford different products.
- Direct liquefaction,
- Catalytic system,
- Mechanism of liquefaction,
- Lignite coal,
- Fe-based catalyst
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