English

Two-Step Sequential Blade-Coating Large-Area FA-Based Perovskite Thin Film via a Controlled PbI₂ Microstructure

• Yongtao Wen ^{1, 2,} ,
• Jing Li ^1, ,
• Xiaofeng Gao ^3, ,
• Congcong Tian ^1, ,
• Hao Zhu ^3, ,
• Guomu Yu ^1, ,
• Xiaoli Zhang ^4, ,
• Hyesung Park ^{5, ,} ,
• Fuzhi Huang ^{1, 2, ,}

• 1.

  State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

• 2.

  Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong Province, China

• 3.

  International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

• 4.

  School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

• 5.

  Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Hyesung Park, hspark@unist.ac.kr Fuzhi Huang, fuzhi.huang@whut.edu.cn

• Received Date: 28 March 2022
  Accepted Date: 25 April 2022
  Revised Date: 22 April 2022
  Available Online: 15 February 2023
• Fund Project:

  the National Key Research and Development Plan 2019YFE0107200

  the National Key Research and Development Plan 2017YFE0131900

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 21875178

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 52172230

  the National Natural Science Foundation of China 91963209

  the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 202443004

  Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory XDT2020-001

  Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory XHT2020-005

Abstract: Solar cells, which are excellent alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, can efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. The intensive development of high-performance photovoltaic materials plays an important role in environmental protection and the utilization of renewable energy. Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, with a formula of ABX₃ (A = methylammonium (MA) or formamidinium (FA); B = Pb or Sn; X = Cl, I, or Br), have exhibited remarkable commercial prospects in high-performance photovoltaic devices owing to their long carrier diffusion length, excellent light absorption properties, high charge carrier mobility, and weak exciton binding energy. Recently, perovskite solar cells, fabricated using halide perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers, have achieved remarkable results; their certified power conversion efficiency has continuously improved and reached 25.7%. However, high-performance devices are usually fabricated using spin-coating methods with active areas below 0.1 cm². Hence, long-term research goals include achieving a large-scale uniform preparation of high-quality photoactive layers. The current one-step preparation of perovskite films involves the nucleation-crystalline growth process of perovskite. Auxiliary processes, such as using an anti-solvent, are often required to increase the nucleation rate and density of the film, which is not suitable for industrial large-area preparation. Additionally, the large-area preparation of perovskite films by spin-coating will result in different film thicknesses in the center and edge regions of the film due to an uneven centrifugal force. This will cause intense carrier recombination in the thicker area of the film and weak light absorption in the thinner area, which will reduce the performance of the device. To address these problems, the development of a large-area fabrication method for high-performance perovskite light-absorbing layers is essential. In this study, a two-step sequential blade-coating strategy was developed to prepare the FA-based perovskite layer. In general, PbI₂ easily forms a dense film; therefore, formamidinium iodide (FAI) cannot deeply penetrate to completely react with PbI₂. The PbI₂ residue is therefore detrimental to charge transportation. To fabricate the desired porous PbI₂ film, tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide (THTO) was introduced into the PbI₂ precursor solution. By forming PbI₂·THTO complexes, PbI₂ crystallization is controlled, resulting in the formation of vertically packed PbI₂ flaky crystals. These crystals provide nanochannels for easy FAI penetration. The 5 cm × 5 cm modules fabricated through this strategy achieved a high efficiency of 18.65% with excellent stability. This indicates that the two-step sequential blade-coating strategy has considerable potential for scaling up the production of perovskite solar cells.

Key words:
• Perovskite solar cell
•  /  Two-step
•  /  Blade-coating
•  /  Printing
•  /  Module

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