English

Tracking Pressure Changes and Morphology Evolution of Lithium Metal Anodes

• Yingying Zhu ^1, ,
• Yong Wang ^1, ,
• Miao Xu ^3, ,
• Yongmin Wu ^3, ,
• Weiping Tang ^3, ,
• Di Zhu ^4, ,
• Yu-Shi He ^1, ,
• Zi-Feng Ma ^1, ,
• Linsen Li ^{1, 2, ,}

• 1.

  Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

• 2.

  Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu 610213, China

• 3.

  State Key Laboratory of Space Power-sources Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China

• 4.

  Shandong Academy of Sciences, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250014, China

Corresponding author: Linsen Li, linsenli@sjtu.edu.cn

• Received Date: 26 October 2021
  Accepted Date: 22 November 2021
  Revised Date: 20 November 2021
  Available Online: 15 January 2023
• Fund Project:

  the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai the Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Municipality 19ZR1475100

  the Equipment Pre-research Fund 61407210207

  the Sichuan Science and Technology Program 2021JDRC0015

Abstract: High-energy rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted significant attention recently. These batteries can be bulit using high areal-capacity (> 4 mAh∙cm⁻²) layered oxide cathodes and thin lithium (Li) metal anodes (< 50 μm in thickness), whose cycle performance are severely limited by the unregulated growth of Li particles having high surface areas, including dendrites and mossy Li. To improve the cycle performance of LMBs, many approaches have been developed in recent years to promote dendrite-free and dense Li electrodeposition, such as electrolyte engineering (for liquid cells), Li anode surface modification, three-dimensional current collector design, and using solid-state electrolytes. In addition to these heavily researched chemical-based approaches, applying external pressure to LMBs can also strongly impact the morphology of the electrochemically deposited Li particles due to the malleable nature of metallic Li and has been shown to improve the cycle performance. However, the relationship between the applied pressure, morphological evolution of the Li anode and the cycle performance has not been fully understood, especially in coin cells, which are widely used for LMB research. Here we report a custom-designed pressure applying/measurement device based on thin-film pressure sensors to realize real-time tracking of the pressure evolution in LMB coin cells. Our results show that moderate pressure is conducive to dense Li deposition and increases the cycle life, whereas excessive pressure causes Li inward-growth and the deformation of Li anode, which will impare the electrochemical performance of LMBs. Although these observations are made in coin cells, they could have important implications for pouch cells and solid-state batteries, both of which are commonly tested under pressure. The cycle performance of LMBs is significantly improved in both coin cells (under actual relevant conditions) and large pouch cells. A 5 Ah pouch-type LMB with a high energy density exceeding 380 Wh∙kg⁻¹ could achieve stable cycling over 50 cycles under a stack pressure of ~1.2 MPa. It was also confirmed that the cell holders or clamps commonly used for coin cells can only exert a small amount of pressure, which is unlikely to exaggerate the cycle performance of the LMB coin cells. However, we do suggest that the electrochemical performance of LMBs should be reported along with the information on the applied pressure. This research practice will improve the consistency and quality of the reported data in the LMB research community and help unite the efforts to further improve the high energy density LMBs.

Key words:
• High energy-density battery
•  /  In situ pressure measurement
•  /  Lithium metal anode
•  /  Electrodeposition
•  /  Pressure control

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