Functionalized Graphene Materials: Definition, Classification, and Preparation Strategies

• 马英杰 ^{1, ,} ,
• 智林杰 ^{1, 2, ,}

• 1.

  国家纳米科学中心，纳米科学卓越创新中心，纳米系统与多级次制造重点实验室，北京 100190

• 2.

  中国科学院大学，北京 100049

作者简介: Yingjie Ma received his PhD in chemistry from Zhejiang University in 2013. Then, he joined Prof. Klaus Müllen's group at Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research as postdoctor (2013-2016). Since the end of 2016, he has been an assistant researcher in the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China. His research interests focus on synthesis of functional organic molecules and their applications in energy storage and catalysis;
Linjie Zhi received his PhD in 2000 at the Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since 2003 he worked with Prof. Klaus Müllen at the Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research for two years before assuming the position of project leader until the end of 2007. Since early 2008, he has been a professor in the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China. His research interests focus on carbon-rich nanomaterials and their application in energy-related areas;


通讯作者: 马英杰, mayj@nanoctr.cn
智林杰, zhilj@nanoctr.cn


• 基金项目:

  国家自然科学基金 51425302

  国家自然科学基金 51302045

  北京市自然科学基金 2182086

摘要: Since its emergence in 2004, graphene has attracted enormous attention because of its unique and fantastic properties, which signals the birth of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. The strictly atomic-layered 2D structure endows graphene with unconventional optical, electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Owing to these extraordinary features, graphene has exhibited great potential in various fields, such as biology, medicine, chemistry, physics, and the environment. Notably, when graphene is used in these fields, it is always functionalized to facilitate its manipulation or meet the different area demands. After functionalization, the properties of graphene, such as its composition, size, shape, and structure, are modified, leading to changes in its electronic structure, surface chemistry, solubility, and mechanical and chemical properties. Functionalization of graphene can be achieved through various approaches, including chemical oxidation, doping, covalent and non-covalent modification, and hybridization with other materials, yielding various products (i.e., graphene oxide, nano graphene, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), graphene nanomeshes, and graphene-polymer hybrids). However, these resulting products have not been systematically classified or strictly defined until now; although they have been classified as covalent and non-covalent functionalized graphene, graphene-based polymer composites, and graphene-based composites. Systematic classification and exact definition will benefit research on functionalizing graphene. In this review, based on research on functionalization of graphene, we propose a systematic classification of the products from graphene functionalization, their corresponding definitions, and preparation strategies, which are illustrated by representative examples. All the products from graphene functionalization are defined as functionalized graphene materials, which fall into two categories: functionalized graphene and functionalized graphene composite. Functionalized graphene is the product of modifying graphene by tuning its composition, framework, dimension, and morphology, and functionalized graphene composites are hybrids of graphene (or functionalized graphene) with other materials, including small molecules, polymers, metals, inorganic compounds, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Functionalized graphene materials are prepared through two strategies: "top-down" and "bottom-up, " each of which has its advantages and shortcomings and includes many corresponding preparation methods. The selection of preparation strategies depends on the application requirements, as different applications require different types of graphene. Both strategies are elucidated with detailed examples through an extensive analysis of the literature. Finally, the major challenges and perspectives of functionalized graphene materials are discussed. This review presents the proposed systematic classification and exact definition of functionalized graphene materials, which can enhance their development. It is believed that functionalized graphene materials will achieve significant progress in the future.

关键词:
• 石墨烯功能化
•  /  功能化石墨烯材料
•  /  分类
•  /  定义
•  /  制备策略

English

Functionalized Graphene Materials: Definition, Classification, and Preparation Strategies

• Yingjie Ma ^{1, ,} ,
• Linjie Zhi ^{1, 2, ,}

• 1.

  CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

• 2.

  University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Author Bio: Yingjie Ma received his PhD in chemistry from Zhejiang University in 2013. Then, he joined Prof. Klaus Müllen's group at Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research as postdoctor (2013-2016). Since the end of 2016, he has been an assistant researcher in the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China. His research interests focus on synthesis of functional organic molecules and their applications in energy storage and catalysis;Linjie Zhi received his PhD in 2000 at the Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since 2003 he worked with Prof. Klaus Müllen at the Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research for two years before assuming the position of project leader until the end of 2007. Since early 2008, he has been a professor in the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China. His research interests focus on carbon-rich nanomaterials and their application in energy-related areas;

Corresponding author: Yingjie Ma, mayj@nanoctr.cn Linjie Zhi, zhilj@nanoctr.cn

• Received Date: 04 January 2021
  Accepted Date: 25 February 2021
  Revised Date: 24 February 2021
  Available Online: 15 January 2022
• Fund Project:

Abstract: Since its emergence in 2004, graphene has attracted enormous attention because of its unique and fantastic properties, which signals the birth of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. The strictly atomic-layered 2D structure endows graphene with unconventional optical, electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Owing to these extraordinary features, graphene has exhibited great potential in various fields, such as biology, medicine, chemistry, physics, and the environment. Notably, when graphene is used in these fields, it is always functionalized to facilitate its manipulation or meet the different area demands. After functionalization, the properties of graphene, such as its composition, size, shape, and structure, are modified, leading to changes in its electronic structure, surface chemistry, solubility, and mechanical and chemical properties. Functionalization of graphene can be achieved through various approaches, including chemical oxidation, doping, covalent and non-covalent modification, and hybridization with other materials, yielding various products (i.e., graphene oxide, nano graphene, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), graphene nanomeshes, and graphene-polymer hybrids). However, these resulting products have not been systematically classified or strictly defined until now; although they have been classified as covalent and non-covalent functionalized graphene, graphene-based polymer composites, and graphene-based composites. Systematic classification and exact definition will benefit research on functionalizing graphene. In this review, based on research on functionalization of graphene, we propose a systematic classification of the products from graphene functionalization, their corresponding definitions, and preparation strategies, which are illustrated by representative examples. All the products from graphene functionalization are defined as functionalized graphene materials, which fall into two categories: functionalized graphene and functionalized graphene composite. Functionalized graphene is the product of modifying graphene by tuning its composition, framework, dimension, and morphology, and functionalized graphene composites are hybrids of graphene (or functionalized graphene) with other materials, including small molecules, polymers, metals, inorganic compounds, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Functionalized graphene materials are prepared through two strategies: "top-down" and "bottom-up, " each of which has its advantages and shortcomings and includes many corresponding preparation methods. The selection of preparation strategies depends on the application requirements, as different applications require different types of graphene. Both strategies are elucidated with detailed examples through an extensive analysis of the literature. Finally, the major challenges and perspectives of functionalized graphene materials are discussed. This review presents the proposed systematic classification and exact definition of functionalized graphene materials, which can enhance their development. It is believed that functionalized graphene materials will achieve significant progress in the future.

Key words:
• Graphene functionalization
•  /  Functionalized graphene materials
•  /  Classification
•  /  Definition
•  /  Preparation strategy

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