English

Recent Advances in Catalysts Based on Molecular Cubanes for Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation

• Sun Wanjun ^1,3, ,
• Lin Junqi ^1, ,
• Liang Xiangming ^1, ,
• Yang Junyi ^1, ,
• Ma Baochun ^1, ,
• Ding Yong ^{1,2, ,}

• 1.

  College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China

• 2.

  State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China

• 3.

  Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Gansu Normal University for Nationalities, Hezuo 747000, Gansu Province, P. R. China

Corresponding author: Yong Ding, Email: dingyong1@lzu.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-931-8912585

• Received Date: 06 May 2019
  Accepted Date: 20 June 2019
  Revised Date: 11 June 2019
  Available Online: 15 March 2020
• Fund Project:

  The project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (21773096, 21572084), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2018-k08), Natural Science Foundation of Gansu (17JR5RA186) and Higher Education Institution Research Project of Gansu Province (2018A-123)

Abstract: Increasing climate change and environmental pollution caused by the excessive use of fossil fuels have prompted intensive research into clean and efficient renewable sources as a substitute for traditional fossil fuels. A very promising approach is to mimic the water splitting process that occurs in plants during photosynthesis, in order to convert solar energy into chemical energy. A successful water splitting reaction, which comprises two half reactions (water oxidation and the reduction of protons), can generate H₂ and O₂ from water. Hydrogen is a promising renewable energy carrier because of its clean combustion and high calorific value. Light-driven water splitting is considered to be a feasible way to transform water and solar energy into hydrogen energy. However, water oxidation is considered to be the bottleneck process of water splitting because it advances in a thermodynamically uphill manner with the involvement of 4e⁻ and 4H⁺. Inspired by the nature of Mn₄CaO₅ in photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ), the comprehensive understanding of its key features for use in active molecular water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) remains challenging. Extensive effort has been devoted to researching and manufacturing the structure and biomimicking the catalytic activity of Mn₄CaO₅ clusters that contain the Mn₃CaO₄ cubane structure, for the construction of low-cost and robust WOCs. WOCs can be divided into heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Although heterogeneous WOCs are convenient for recycling and are easily prepared on a large scale, homogeneous WOCs, especially complexes based on organic ligands or polyoxometalates (POMs), have more advantages owing to their catalytic efficiency, structural modifications, and mechanistic understanding. Thus, recently, some molecules with an M₄O₄ (M = transition metals, mainly Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu) cubic structure have been reportedly used as photocatalytic WOCs. In this review, we present an overview of the most important and recent advances based on M₄O₄ cubic WOCs that contain first-row transition metal cubanes for visible light-driven water oxidation. Our main focus is on the structure of cubane catalysts, including metal complexes, POMs, and a system containing BiVO₄ or polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) as a photosensitizer, and cubic complexes as WOCs. Results have shown that the activity and stability of the catalyst can be tuned by the ligand stability, metal center, coordination environment, and other factors. This review will be helpful for designing new cubane catalysts for photocatalytic water oxidation that are highly efficient and stable.

Key words:
• Photocatalysis
•  /  Cubane
•  /  Water oxidation catalyst
•  /  Metal complex
•  /  Polyoxometalates

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