English

• 1. INTRODUCTION

  Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are self-assembled by coordination bonds between metal nodes and organic ligand linkers^[1]. The large specific surface area and micro-porous natures of MOFs make their excellent performances in gas adsorption and separation^[2], sensing^[3], magnetism^[4], proton conduction^[5], imaging^[6], catalysis^[7], and so on^[8]. Because the lanthanide ions have a low absorption coefficient, it is necessary to introduce "antenna" ligand to sensitize photo's energy and transfer it to lanthanide ions^[9]. The luminescence of LnMOFs materials has notable features of line-like emission bands, long luminescence lifetime, large Stokes shift, and high color purity^[10]. Nevertheless, the luminescence QY of LnMOFs is still unsatisfactory.

  Because the usage of the luminescent lanthanide complex highly depends on its luminescence QY^[11], numerous studies have been reported to enhance the luminescence QY of the lanthanide complex. The low luminescence QY is mainly ascribed to three factors^[12]: firstly, the energy on Ln³⁺ is easily de-excited if N–H, C–H, or O–H group is in a radius of 20 Å^[13]; secondly, the energy of triplet excited state of the "antenna" ligand should match very well with the emitting level of Ln^3+[14]; thirdly, the f–f transition of lanthanide ion is parity forbidden, and the absorption coefficient of lanthanide ion is usually very low. Thus, suitable "antenna" ligand with an aromatic group or diketone is usually selected to construct lanthanide complex to improve the energy transferring efficiency from "antenna" to the lanthanide ions^[15]. Some works have addressed these problems and documented lanthanide complexes with high QY over 80%^[16].

  In this work, by selecting the perfluorinated ligand of H₂tftpa^[17], which does not contain oscillation groups of N–H, O–H, or C–H, as the main ligand, using phen/bpy as an auxiliary ligand to hold back the solvents that contain oscillation groups near to the lanthanide ions, and selecting auxiliary ligand that with larger conjugation and more rigid structure, two new series of highly luminescent 3D LnMOFs were synthesized and fully characterized. These LnMOFs have formulas of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 1a, Eu 1b, Tb 1c, Dy 1d) and [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 2a, Eu 2b, Tb 2c, Dy 2d), and the π-π stacking in these structures contributes to their thermal-stability. Interestingly, 1b, 1c, 2b and 2c show quite high luminescence quantum yield (QY) of 80.73%, 75.17%, 74.50%, and 60.03%, respectively.

  2. EXPERIMENTAL

  2.1 Synthesis of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n

  18.0 mg Ln(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (0.04 mmol), 4.8 mg (0.02 mmol) H₂tftpa, and 8.0 mg (0.044 mmol) phen were mixed in 2.0 mL H₂O and 1.0 mL DMF. The solution was transferred to a glass bottle, and then placed in an 80 ℃ oven for 2 days to obtain colorless crystals. The crystals were washed with 5 mL H₂O three times and dried in a 60 ℃ oven.

  [Sm(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (1a): Yield: 20.63% based on Sm³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 41.02; H, 1.49; N, 3.99. Found (%): C, 41.56; H, 1.69; N, 3.82. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3498 (m), 1681 (s), 1600 (s), 1515 (w), 1473 (m), 1388 (s), 1261 (w), 1143 (w), 1095 (w), 1000 (s), 846 (s), 775 (w), 725 (s), 640 (w).

  [Eu(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (1b): Yield: 21.65% based on Eu³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 41.02; H, 1.43; N, 3.98. Found (%): C, 40.69; H, 1.37; N, 3.85. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3504 (m), 1677 (s), 1604 (s), 1521 (w), 1467 (m), 1396 (s), 1263 (w), 1147 (w), 1103 (w), 1000 (s), 838 (s), 773 (w), 723 (s), 640 (w).

  [Tb(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (1c): Yield: 20.63% based on Tb³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 41.02; H, 1.43; N, 3.94. Found (%): C, 40.89; H, 1.76; N, 3.79. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3511 (m), 1679 (s), 1598 (s), 1517 (w), 1467 (m), 1400 (s), 1265 (w), 1145 (w), 1108 (w), 991 (s), 846 (s), 777 (w), 742 (s), 642 (w).

  [Dy(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (1d): Yield: 19.71% based on Dy³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 41.02; H, 1.43; N, 3.92. Found (%): C, 40.03; H, 1.22; N, 3.75. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3513 (m), 1685 (s), 1596 (s), 1519 (w), 1463 (m), 1461 (s), 1265 (w), 1147 (w), 1099 (w), 993 (s), 838 (s), 775 (w), 719 (s), 640 (w).

  2.2 Synthesis of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n

  18.0 mg Ln(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (0.04 mmol), 4.8 mg (0.02 mmol) H₂tftpa and 6.2 mg (0.04 mmol) bpy were mixed in 3.0 mL H₂O. The solution was transferred to a glass bottle, and placed in an 80 ℃ oven for 2 days to obtain colorless crystals. Then these crystals were washed with 5 mL H₂O three times and dried in a 60 ℃ oven.

  [Sm(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (2a): Yield: 21.13% based on Sm³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 38.93; H, 1.49; N, 4.13. Found (%): C, 39.72; H, 1.44; N, 4.17. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3438 (m), 1670 (m), 1608 (m), 1481 (w), 1400 (m), 1270 (w), 1174 (w), 1068 (w), 993 (s), 740 (s), 640 (w).

  [Eu(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (2b): Yield: 18.89% based on Eu³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 38.93; H, 1.49; N, 4.12. Found (%): C, 38.57; H, 1.35; N, 4.03. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3446 (m), 1675 (m), 1604 (m), 1484 (w), 1400 (m), 1263 (w), 1170 (w), 1068 (w), 995 (s), 746 (s), 640 (w).

  [Tb(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (2c): Yield: 21.02% based on Tb³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 38.93; H, 1.49; N, 4.08. Found (%): C, 39.05; H, 1.43; N, 4.05. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3442 (m), 1681 (m), 1592 (m), 1479 (w), 1384 (m), 1263 (w), 1170 (w), 1062 (w), 977 (s), 738 (s), 642 (w).

  [Dy(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (2d): Yield: 19.32% based on Dy³⁺. Anal. Calcd. (%): C, 38.93; H, 1.49; N, 4.06. Found (%): C, 40.22; H, 1.51; N, 4.11. FT-IR (Fig. S1) (KBr pellet, cm^-1): 3461 (m), 1685 (m), 1594 (m), 1482 (w), 1388 (m), 1268 (w), 1170 (w), 1062 (w), 997 (s), 738 (s), 649 (w).

  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  3.1 Crystal structure description

  [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(phen)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 1a, Eu 1b, Tb 1c, Dy 1d) are isomorphism structures and are similar to the reported results^{[18, 19]}. More bond length and bond angle data are in normal ranges, which can be found in Table S1–S4^[20].

  The structure analysis of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 2a, Eu 2b, Tb 2c, Dy 2d) is explained by taking 2b as an example. 2b crystallizes in the triclinic P$ \overline{1} $space group. Two symmetric Eu atoms in the dinuclear SBU structure are connected by four carboxyls, with the distance between the two central atoms to be 4.234 Å (Fig. 1b). The SBU is built by six tftpa^2-, two bpy, and two water molecules (Fig. 1a). Each central metal atom is eight-coordinated by six oxygen and two nitrogen atoms to form a triangular prism configuration (Fig. 1c). Benzene rings in tftpa^2- and bpy are connected by π-π stacking to stabilize the MOFs structure (Fig. 1e)^[3b]. Different from 1b, tftpa^2- in 2b has three coordination modes of μ₄-η¹-η¹-η¹-η¹, μ₄-η²-η¹-η¹-η², and μ₂-η¹-η⁰-η⁰-η¹ (Fig. S3). Each dinuclear SBU is connected by tftpa^2- in three directions to form a 3D structure (Fig. 1d).

  Figure 1

  

  Figure 1.  Structure analysis of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 2a, Eu 2b, Tb 2c, Dy 2d): (a) Dinuclear SBU; (b) Dinuclear cluster structure in the SBU; (c) Four O and two N that coordinate to Eu³⁺ are arranged in twisted triangular prism mode; (d) 3D structure; (e) π-π stacking structure

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  3.2 Stability of 1a–1d and 2a–2d

  TGA data show small weight loss of crystalline water, proving that 1a–1d remain stable below 120 ℃^{[18, 19]}, and 2a–2d keep stable below 280 ℃ (Fig. S4 and S5). After soaking the as-synthesized 1a–1d and 2a–2d in water for 7 days and immersing them in boiling water for 2 h, the samples were collected and dried for PXRD test. They competed well with their as-synthesized samples and simulated single-crystal data (Fig. 2 and S6), revealing high water- and thermal-stability of the bulk samples of 1a–1d and 2a–2d. Therefore, they are confirmed to be stable materials^[21].

  Figure 2

  

  Figure 2.  PXRD patterns of simulated and as-synthesized 1a–1d when soaked in water for 7 days and immersed in boiling water for 2 h

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  3.3. Solid-state photophysical studies

  Luminescence spectra of LnMOFs 1a–1d and 2a–2d were recorded in the solid state at room temperature. With the respective excitation at 347 and 324 nm, 1a and 2a show four obvious peaks at 562, 596, 642, and 701 nm (Fig. 3a), which are arising from the ⁴D_5/2 → ⁶H_J/2 (J = 5, 7, 9 and 11) transition of Sm^3+[22]. Under the same excitation as 1a and 2a, respectively, 2b displays five obvious peaks at 578, 593, 613, 650, and 698 nm, arising from the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F_J (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) transition of Eu³⁺ (Fig. 4a)^[23]. In luminescence spectra of 2c (Fig. 4c), under the same excitation as 1a and 2a, respectively, four peaks appear at 489, 543, 582, and 621 nm due to the ⁵D₄ → ⁷F₆ (J = 6, 5, 4, and 3) transition of Tb^3+[24]. In luminescence spectra of 1d and 2d (Fig. 4b), under 347 and 338 nm excitation, respectively, three peaks at 479, 573, and 661 nm result from the ⁴F_9/2 → ⁶H_J/2 (J = 15, 13 and 12) transition of Dy^3+[25].

  Figure 3

  

  Figure 3.  (a) Luminescent spectra of 1a and 2a; (b) Luminescent spectra of 1d and 2d

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  Figure 4

  

  Figure 4.  (a) Photophysical spectra of 2b, (b) Photophysical spectra of 2c, (c) Luminescence decay curves of 2b, (d) Luminescence decay curves of 2c

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  The luminescence decay curves (Fig. 4b and 4d) are wellfitted with double-exponential function, with the lifetimes of 0.789 and 1.4 ms for 1b, 1c, 2b, and 2c, respectively. These results show LnMOFs contain two luminous points, competing well with their single crystal structure. Interestingly, by selecting the perfluorinated ligand that does not contain oscillation groups as the main ligand, and phen or bpy as an auxiliary ligand to hold back the solvents which contain oscillation groups near to the lanthanide ions, the triplet excited energy state of main ligand H₂tftpa is 27 465 cm^-1[14], and the energy gaps of the triplet state of ligand and excited state of Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions are larger than 3500 cm^-1, suggesting these two "antenna" ligands in the structures match very well with the emitting level of Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺. 1b, 1c, 2b, and 2c display very high luminescence QYs of 80.73%, 75.17%, 74.50%, and 60.03%, respectively^[26]. Interestingly, it is found that by replacing the auxiliary ligand of bpy by phen with larger conjugation and more rigid structure of phen, higher luminescence QYs of 80.73%, 75.17% are realized. CIE chromaticity diagram (Fig. 5) indicates 1a (0.5134, 0.3478), 2a (0.4183, 0.3104), and 2b (0.6165, 0.3611) emit red luminescence, while 2c (0.3244, 0.5424) shows green luminescence^[27]. 1d (0.3293, 0.3609) is white light emission, and 2d (0.3661, 0.3989) shows yellow light emission.

  Figure 5

  

  Figure 5.  CIE chromaticity diagram of 1a, 1d, and 2a–2d

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  4. CONCLUSION

  In short, two new series of 3D LnMOFs (1a–1d and 2a–2d) were synthesized by structural regulation. Detailed characterizations show they are high water- and thermostability materials. Interestingly, through selecting the perfluorinated ligand that does not contain oscillation groups, and selecting an auxiliary ligand with larger conjugation and more rigid structure to hold back the solvents near to the lanthanide ions, ultra-high luminescence QY of 80.73% is realized.

  
  
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  Figure 1  Structure analysis of [Ln(tftpa)_1.5(bpy)(H₂O)]_n (Ln = Sm 2a, Eu 2b, Tb 2c, Dy 2d): (a) Dinuclear SBU; (b) Dinuclear cluster structure in the SBU; (c) Four O and two N that coordinate to Eu³⁺ are arranged in twisted triangular prism mode; (d) 3D structure; (e) π-π stacking structure

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  Figure 2  PXRD patterns of simulated and as-synthesized 1a–1d when soaked in water for 7 days and immersed in boiling water for 2 h

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  Figure 3  (a) Luminescent spectra of 1a and 2a; (b) Luminescent spectra of 1d and 2d

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  Figure 4  (a) Photophysical spectra of 2b, (b) Photophysical spectra of 2c, (c) Luminescence decay curves of 2b, (d) Luminescence decay curves of 2c

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  Figure 5  CIE chromaticity diagram of 1a, 1d, and 2a–2d

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