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[Au(η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3-: a Mixed Group 14/15 Tetrahedral Dimer Bridged by Au①

Fu-Xing PAN ,  Lei-Jiao LI ,  Zhong-Ming SUN

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Citation:  PAN Fu-Xing, LI Lei-Jiao, SUN Zhong-Ming. [Au(η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3-: a Mixed Group 14/15 Tetrahedral Dimer Bridged by Au①[J]. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2016, 35(7): 1099-1106. doi: 10.14102/j.cnki.0254-5861.2011-1125 shu

[Au(η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3-: a Mixed Group 14/15 Tetrahedral Dimer Bridged by Au①

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  • 1   INTRODUCTION

    During the past decades, transition or rare-earth metal comprised Zintl clusters with unique geometries and diverse electronic structures have been obtained through solution chemistry synthesis and gas phase experiments, some of which have been studied in the fields of catalysis and materials science[1, 2]. Deltahedrals of group 14/15 elements, bridged by transition metals, play an important role in Zintl clusters[3]. In the case of E9 (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) units, transition metal connected dimers, oligomers and one-dimensional strands are common structures. Selected examples include dimers [(Ni-Ni- Ni)@(Ge9)2]4-, [Au3(Ge9)2]5-, oligomer[Hg3(Ge9)4]10- and one-dimensional strand 1∞[HgGe9]2-[4-7]. As for group 15 elements, the [Pn7]3- units[2a] usually form dimers linked by transition metals[2b], such as [Zn (Pn7)2]4- (Pn = P, As) and [M2(As7)2]4- (M = Cu, Hg, Pd, Au)[8-12]. Some other metal bridged models like [Bi-Zn-Bi]4-, [Cd2Sb5]11-, 1∞[CdSb2]4- and Ba13Si6Sn8As22 were also reported[13-17].

    In contrast with the aforementioned studies, tetrahedral (E4) units coordinated by transition metals are usually isolated from high temperature solid-state reactions instead of solution techniques, such as [Zn (Ge4)2]6-, [Cd3(Pb4)4]10-, 1∞[{Au (E4)}4-] (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) and i ts ana logue 1∞[{Au (TlSn3)}4-][18-23]. The reaction chemistry of binary Zintl compound A4E4 (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) has been limited because of the insolubility in common solvents like N, N-dimethylformamide (dmf) and ethylenediamine (en)[19, 24, 25]. With the extensive ion pairing, liquid ammonia is so far the only solvent to stabilize highly charged [E4]4- and their derivatives [(MesCu)2(η3-E4)]4- (E = Si, Ge, Si/Ge), [Zn{η2-(Si/Ge)4}2]6-, [(η2-Sn4) Zn (η3-Sn4)]6- and [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7-[19, 24-30].

    Until now, several mixed group 14/15 tetrahedral (E2/Pn2) anions have been reported, such as [Sn2Sb2]2-, [Sn2Bi2]2- and [Pb2Bi2]2-[31-33], however, the dimers of these units still remain unexplored. We have focused our interest on the synthesis of Zintl clusters, such as the all-metal sandwich cluster [Sb3Au3Sb3]3-[34]. In this paper, we report the first Au-Sn-Sb Zintl cluster [Au (η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3- (1a; Fig. 1) in the form of [K (2, 2, 2-crypt)]3[Au (η2-Sn2Sb2)2] (1), in which two [Sn2Sb2]2- units are bridged by one gold atom.

    图1 Thermal ellipsoid plot of the molecular cluster anion 1a (drawn at 50% probability) Figure1. Thermal ellipsoid plot of the molecular cluster anion 1a (drawn at 50% probability)
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    2   EXPERIMENTAL

    All manipulations and reactions were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk or glovebox techniques. All solvents were freshly distilled and stored under nitrogen prior to use. 2, 2, 2-crypt (TCI, 98%) was dried in vacuum for one day. [K (2.2.2-crypt)]2[Sn2Sb2]·en and (PPh3) AuPh were prepared according to literature[31, 35, 36]. Deuterated solvent C6D6 (Alfa Aesar) was dried over activated molecular sieves (4 Å) and vacuum transferred before use, while dmf-d7 (Alfa Aesar) was directly used without further purification. EDX analysis on 1 (Fig. S2 and Table S2) was performed on the Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDX). Spectra were obtained by using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800) equipped with a Bruker AXS XFlash detector 4010. The 119Sn NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX500 AVANCE spectrometer at 186.5 MHz at 298 K in dmf-d7. Before dissolving in dmf-d7 solvent, the crystals of 1 were washed with toluene and dried in vacuum.

    2.1   Synthesis of 1

    In a 10 mL vial, 137 mg (0.10 mmol) of [K (2.2.2- crypt)]2[Sn2Sb2]·en was dissolved in ethylenediamine (2 ml). In a second vial, 40 mg (0.07 mmol) (PPh3) AuPh was dissolved in 0.5 ml toluene. The toluene solution was added to ethylenediamine solution dropwise while stirring powerfully. The mixture was allowed to stir for 4 h at room temperature. The resulting dark red solution was subsequently filtered through glass wool and transferred to a test tube, then carefully layered by toluene (2.5 mL). After 3 days, dark red crystals of 1 with moderate yield (46% based on Au precursor) appeared on the interfaces of the tube wall.

    2.2   Structure determination

    Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of 1 were collected on a Bruker Apex II CCD diffractometer with graphite-monochromated MoKα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 123 K. Data processing was accomplished with the SAINT program[37]. The structure was solved by direct methods with SHELXS-97 program[38a] and refined on F2 by full-matrix leastsquares method with anisotropic thermal parameters for all non-hydrogen atoms using SHELXL-97[38b]. The non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, and hydrogen atoms were added according to theoretical models. Out of the 21107 total reflections collected in the range of 1.56≤θ≤ 25.03º by using an ω-φ scan mode, 7632 were independent with Rint = 0.0368, of which 6370 were observed with I > 2σ(I) and used in the structure determination and refinements. The final full-matrix least-squares refinement gave R = 0.0571, wR = 0.1466 (w = 1/[σ2(Fo 2) + (0.0717P)2 + 173.3675P], where P = (Fo 2 + 2Fc 2)/3), S = 1.046, (Δ/σ) max = 0.001, (Δρ) max = 3.482 and (Δρ) min = -2.087 e/Å3.

    3   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    Complex 1 was directly extracted from the reaction of [K (2.2.2-crypt)]2[Sn2Sb2]·en and (PPh3) AuPh in ethylenediamine at room temperature. The molecular structure of 1 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group has the crystallographic data as follows: a = 14.2109(8), b = 14.2109(8), c = 27.3036(15) Å, β = 106.7290(10)° and V = 8659.5(8) Å3. The elemental ratio of K, Au, Sn and Sb has been confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (the ratio of K/Au/Sn/Sb is approximately 3:1:4:4, Supporting Information, Fig. S2 and Table S2).

    In this dimer, one Au+ is coordinated by two [Sn2Sb2]2- tetrahedral edges. The mean bond length of Au-Sn in 1a is 2.75 Å, which is in accordance with those in [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7- (2.78 Å) and NaAuSn (2.75 Å)[30, 39]. The Sn-Sn distance is 3.12 Å, which is elongated compared with normal Sn-Sn single bond (2.80 Å in α-Sn), but similar with those in [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7- (3.06 Å) and [Pd2@Sn18]4- (3.01～ 3.15 Å)[30, 40, 41]. The Sn-Sb distances range from 2.86 to 2.88 Å and the Sb-Sb distance is 2.81 Å, which are akin to those in [Sn2Sb5(ZnPh)2]3- (2.84～2.96 and 2.79～2.82 Å, respectively)[31]. In addition, the Sb-Sb distance is slightly shorter than those in [Ni5Sb17]4- (2.82 ～ 2.93 Å) and [(CO)3Ni3Sb7]3- (2.84～2.98), but longer than the mean distances in [NbSb8]3- (2.78 Å) and the transition metal-free [Sb4]2- (2.75 Å)[42-45]. Contrary to the precursor [Sn2Sb2]2- (2.85～2.88 Å) which is almost a regular tetrahedron, [Sn2Sb2]2- in 1a is obviously distorted. As shown in Table 1, three tetrahedral coordination fashions η3-M-η3, η3-M-η2, η2-M-η2 have been reported, and 1a belongs to the third type. These coordination fashions represent three different structures, which can be recognized from the front and side views. Among the η2-M-η2 manner cluster anions [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7-[30], [Zn{η2- (Si/Ge)4}2]6-[25] and 1a, a significant structural difference of 1a is that the two AuSn2 faces are coplanar, while the corresponding AuSn2 and Zn (Si/Ge)2 planes in [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7- and [Zn{η2- (Si/Ge)4}2]6- are close to vertical. Another important difference is reflected in the coordination environment of the dimers. [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7- and Zn{η2- (Si/Ge)4}2]6- are further linked by K+ ammoniate, while 1a is a discrete cluster anion.

    Table 1.  Front and Side Views of Selected Cluster Anions: a) [Zn (η3-Ge4)2]6-; b) [(η3-E4) Zn (η2-E4)]6- (E = Ge, Sn); c) [Zn{η2-(Si/Ge)4}2]6-, [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7-; d) 1a
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    FormulasFront viewSide viewRef.
    a) [M(η3-Ge4)2]6-18
    b) [(η3-E4)M(η2-E4)]6-19, 25
    c) [M(η2-E4)2]n-24, 30
    d) 1aThis work

    However, question arises. Why Au (I) is only coordinated by Sn atoms instead of co-occupied Sn/Sb atoms with statistical occupation ratios? Previous works have shown that some group 14/15 atoms in heteroatomic Zintl ions like [Sn2Bi2]2-[32], [Pb2Bi2]2-[33], [Sn2Sb2]2-[31] and most of the m-14-15 clusters such as M/Ln-Sn-Bi (M/Ln = Zn, Ni, La, Ce, Eu) are statistic disorder, and their positions could not be confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction[46-49], except the "fully ordered" [Sn2Bi2]2- and [Sn4Bi4]4- which are obtained from liquid ammonia[50]. Theoretical calculations provide insight into the distribution situation studies of group 14/15 atoms over each position. In this work, quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory methods (DFT) were performed to explore the stability and electronic structure of 1a. An exhaustive survey of all possible isomers of 1a has been conducted to identify the certain positions of Sn/Sb atoms (Fig. 2).

    图2 Optimized geometries of 1a (Ci, C2v and D2h symmetries) Figure2. Optimized geometries of 1a (Ci, C2v and D2h symmetries)
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    In order to confirm the structure of 1a, we optimized the isomers by different functions, such as B3LYP, M06, wB97X-D, and SCS-MP2 together with DeF2-TZVP calculated in the Gaussian09 program package (Table S3)[51-57]. Herein, we list the electronic energy and the energy gap values in Table 2 calculated by B3LYP function. Previous work has shown good performance of B3LYP on the studies of this kind of clusters[19, 24]. As shown in Table 2, the electronic energy of the isomer in which Au is coordinated by four Sn atoms is a stable minimum, demonstrating that the 2D2h conformation is the best candidate for the ground state. Furthermore, the calculated energy gap and electronic energy values also follow the same trends. The energy gap value of this isomer is 2.76 eV, which is the largest among isomers. Accordingly, 2D2h conformation is the exclusive existent stable structure.

    Table 2.  Relative Energies and Energy Gaps of 1 a Calculated by the B3LYP/ Def2-TZVP Method
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    SymmetryRelative energy/kJ mol-1Energy gap/eV
    Ci482.51
    1D2h922.22
    C2v2911.25
    2D2h02.76

    One Au+ binds two tetrahedral [Sn2Sb2]2- in η2 fashion so that the local coordination sphere of the Au atom is nearly planar. Because gold atom has a little more electronegativity than the tin atom, the charge distribution in [Au (η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3- with threefold negative charge is seriously concerned. We performed Natural Population Analysis (NPA) with Version 6.0 of the NBO program[58]. The gold atom shows slightly positive charge (+0.12), while the tin atoms in 1a carry -0.23 partial charge. In contrast, the antimony atoms in 1a carry more partial charges of -0.55, which is nearly consistent with the charge carried by isolated [Sn2Sb2]2- (-0.56). The result hints that charge-transfer takes place. Moreover, the observed planar conformation of the gold atom in 1a suggested d-orbital contributions to bonding. Indeed, the charge decomposition analysis (CDA)[59] showed the planar conformation is induced by electron donation and back-donation between Au atom and two coordinated tetrahedral [Sn2Sb2]2-. Remarkably, 0.3 e is donated from the coordinated tetrahedral [Sn2Sb2]2- to Au+, while 0.14 e is back-donated from Au+ to [Sn2Sb2]2-. According to CDA, HOMO-20, HOMO-9, HOMO- 8 and HOMO-5 contribute partially to electron donation from [Sn2Sb2]2- to Au+, whereas HOMO- 12, HOMO-13, HOMO-14 and HOMO-15 represent the major back donation from Au+ to [Sn2Sb2]2-. For HOMO-20, it is built up of 54% s by tin atoms and 28% by stibium atoms. The trend of charge transfer from gold atom to tin atoms can be easily viewed in Fig. 3. 68% of HOMO-9 is located on the stibium atoms by p orbital and 20% on tin atoms by p orbital. 42% of HOMO-8 is located on the tin atoms by s orbital and 54% on stibium atoms by p orbital. HOMO-12, HOMO-13, HOMO-14 and HOMO-15 show 86% dz 2, 98% dyz, 95% dxz and 91% dx 2 -y 2 orbital character by gold atom, respectively. In a word, electron donation and back donation are the key factors forming planar conformation of Au atom in 1a by orbital composition analysis, as outlined in the prior research[60]. Meanwhile, the calculated Mayer bond order of Au-Sn is 0.43, which is much smaller than those of Sb-Sb (1.04) and Sn-Sn (0.89), indicating relatively weaker interactions between Au and the coordinated tetrahedra, as noted by the earlier research[60].

    图3 Visualization of some orbitals of 1a Figure3. Visualization of some orbitals of 1a
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    4   CONCLUSION

    In the synthesis of tetrahedral dimer, we have successfully extended the scope of solvents from liquid ammonia to ethylenediamine. In contrast to the previously reported Zintl clusters with tetrahedral dimer, 1a features a new structure type with coplanar AuSn2 faces. Quantum chemical calculations combined with 119Sn NMR spectra confirmed the Sn/Sb positions. The unusual D2h symmetric [Au (η2-Sn2Sb2)2]3- and the planar bonding situation are induced by electron donation and backdonation.

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  • Figure 1  Thermal ellipsoid plot of the molecular cluster anion 1a (drawn at 50% probability)

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    Figure 2  Optimized geometries of 1a (Ci, C2v and D2h symmetries)

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    Figure 3  Visualization of some orbitals of 1a

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    Table 1.  Front and Side Views of Selected Cluster Anions: a) [Zn (η3-Ge4)2]6-; b) [(η3-E4) Zn (η2-E4)]6- (E = Ge, Sn); c) [Zn{η2-(Si/Ge)4}2]6-, [Au (η2-Sn4)2]7-; d) 1a

    FormulasFront viewSide viewRef.
    a) [M(η3-Ge4)2]6-18
    b) [(η3-E4)M(η2-E4)]6-19, 25
    c) [M(η2-E4)2]n-24, 30
    d) 1aThis work
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table 2.  Relative Energies and Energy Gaps of 1 a Calculated by the B3LYP/ Def2-TZVP Method

    SymmetryRelative energy/kJ mol-1Energy gap/eV
    Ci482.51
    1D2h922.22
    C2v2911.25
    2D2h02.76
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2016-01-11
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