Citation: Wenwei Zhang, Chanzi Ruan, Yiru Wang, Xiuqiong Zeng, Juanjuan Song, Yongxian Fan, Dongcheng Liu, Yanping Ren, Faqiong Zhao, Mei Shi, Min Hu, Wan Li, Xiuyun Wang, Weihong Li, Xiaohang Qiu, Yong Fan, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang. Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part II): Direct Heating and the Use of Electric Furnace, Hot Plates, Ceramic Hot Plates, Electromagnetic Heating Stirrers and Heating Mantles[J]. University Chemistry, ;2026, 41(3): 154-162. doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507035 shu

Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part II): Direct Heating and the Use of Electric Furnace, Hot Plates, Ceramic Hot Plates, Electromagnetic Heating Stirrers and Heating Mantles

Wenwei Zhang ¹ ,
Chanzi Ruan ² ,
Yiru Wang ² ,
Xiuqiong Zeng ³ ,
Juanjuan Song ⁴ ,
Yongxian Fan ⁵ ,
Dongcheng Liu ⁶ ,
Yanping Ren ^2,, ,
Faqiong Zhao ⁷ ,
Mei Shi ⁸ ,
Min Hu ⁹ ,
Wan Li ¹⁰ ,
Xiuyun Wang ¹¹ ,
Weihong Li ¹² ,
Xiaohang Qiu ¹³ ,
Yong Fan ¹⁴ ,
Jianrong Zhang ^1,, ,
Shuyong Zhang ^15,,

1.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
2.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;
3.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
4.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;
5.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
6.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;
7.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
8.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
9.
School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
10.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
11.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
12.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
13.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
14.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
15.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

Corresponding author: Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang,
Received Date: 3 July 2025
Accepted Date: 21 July 2025

Heating is one of the most common and fundamental operations in chemical experiments. It is not only used for basic procedures such as dissolution, evaporation, drying, sterilization, and disinfection but also serves to accelerate reaction rates, promote chemical equilibrium shifts or phase transitions (e.g., sublimation), and regulate reaction conditions (e.g., temperature-dependent synthesis) or achieve separation and purification (e.g., distillation). With diverse heating methods (mainly including direct heating and indirect heating) and a wide variety of heating instruments, the ability to scientifically select appropriate heating methods and equipment based on specific experimental conditions, heating objects, purposes, scenarios, and requirements, and to operate them properly, is a basic quality for laboratory personnel. This proficiency is critical for ensuring safe, efficient experiments and obtaining scientifically valid results and reliable data. This article focuses on direct heating and the correct usage and precautions for common electrically powered laboratory heating devices, including electric furnace, electric heating plates, electric ceramic hot plates, electromagnetic heating stirrers and electric heating mantles. It aims to provide suggestions for students, instructors, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.
- Chemical experiments,
- Direct heating,
- Heating instruments,
- Operation standards
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