English

• 0.   Introduction

  The lanthanide complexes have attracted much attention because of their flexible coordination geometry and high coordination numbers as well as multifarious useful properties, such as fluorescence^[1-2], catalysis^[3-4], magnetism^[5-6] and gas sorption^[7-8]. It was found that the spatial structures and properties of the lanthanide complexes are mainly dominated by the ligands and the central metal ions in the past decades. For example, suitable ligands could improve the stability of the lanthanides complexes, and enhance fluorescent^[9] and/or magnetic^[10] properties. Therefore, selection of organic ligands plays a vital role in the designing of lanthanide complexes. Carboxylates and N-donor organic ligands have been widely used. For N-donor ligands, 1, 10-phenanthroline(phen) is very useful because of its strong coordination abilities and π-π stacking interactions^[11-12]. For carboxylates, poly-topic aromatic acids are always used to construct the lanthanide complexes due to their versatile coordina-tion modes. On the other hand, benzoic acid or its substituted derivatives which is the “parent” acid, has been explored rather rare in literature. However, some fantastic structures of polynuclear clusters with benzoic acids have been reported^[13-14]. Moreover, it was found that the fluorine substituted organic ligands showed more stable to oxidation and enhanced thermal stability^[15]. Many lanthanide complexes with fluorine substituted benzoic acid have been investigated, such as 2-fluorobenzoate^[16-19], 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrafluorobenzoate^[20-21], 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluorobenzoate^[22], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluoroben-zoate^[23].It is noted that only few reports about lanthanide complexes with difluorosubstituted benzoic acid, such as 2, 3-difluorobenzoate^[24], 2, 4-difluoroben-zoate^[25-26], 2, 5-difluorobenzoate^[27], have been studied, however, only one complex with 2, 6-difluorobenzoate, [Pr(2, 6-dfba)₃(H₂O)]_n^[28], was found in the current version of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Therefore, we are interested in Ln-2, 6-dfba systems to explore new functional lanthanide complexes. In this work, the crystal structures of two new binuclear lanthanide complexes, [Ln(dfba)₂(phen)( μ₂-dfba)]₂ (Ln=Tm, Yb, dfba^-=2, 6-difluorobenzoate) are reported, and their infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed.

  1.   Experimental

  1.1   Materials and measurements

  2, 6-Difluorobenzoic acid, phen, NaHCO₃, Tm(NO₃)₃ ·6H₂O, and Yb(NO₃)₃·6H₂Owere purchased from commercial sources and used directly. Thermogravi-metric analysis (TGA) was recorded on a PerkinElmer TGA4000 at heating rate of 10 ℃·min^-1 in N₂ atmosphere. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were recorded on a PerkinElmer spectrum-Ⅱ within a wavenumber range of 4 000~400 cm^-1.

  1.2   Synthesis of [Tm(dfba)₂(phen)(μ₂-dfba)]₂ (1)

  A H₂O/EtOH solution (12 mL, 1:5, V/V) of 2, 6-difluorobenzoic acid (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (25 mg, 0.28 mmol) were added into Tm(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) which was dissolved in 8 mL EtOH. Then 5 mL EtOH dissolving phen (20 mg, 0.10 mmol) was added into the above solution. The resulted solution was kept stirring for 2 hours, and then stood at room temperature. The colorless columnar crystals were obtained after one week. Yield: 35 mg (42.66%). Anal. Calcd. for C₆₆H₃₄F₁₂N₄O₁₂Tm₂(%): C 48.31, H 2.09, N 3.41; Found(%): C 48.55, H 2.13, N 3.24. FT-IR (KBr, cm^-1): 3 067(m), 2 276(w), 1 932(w), 1 670(m), 1 624(m), 1 558(w), 1 522(s), 1 462(s), 1 419(s), 1 350(m), 1 272(m), 1 235(s), 1 142(s), 1 106(s), 1 057(w), 1 008(s), 864(s), 849(s), 807(s), 774(s), 748(w), 728(s), 714(w), 642(s), 595(m), 584(w), 518(m), 492(w), 420(s).

  1.3   Synthesis of [Yb(dfba)₂(phen)(μ₂-dfba)]₂ (2)

  The complex 2 was synthesized by the similar method for complex 1 except using Yb(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) to replace Tm(NO₃)₃·6H₂O. Yield: 40 mg (48.51%). Anal. Calcd. for C₆₆H₃₄F₁₂N₄O₁₂Yb₂(%): C 48.07, H 2.08, N 3.40; Found(%): C 48.34, H 2.15, N 3.25. FT-IR (KBr, cm^-1): 3 066(m), 2 276(w), 1 934(w), 1 670(m), 1 624(m), 1 558(w), 1 522(s), 1 462(s), 1 419(s), 1 350(m), 1 272(m), 1 235(s), 1 141(s), 1 106(s), 1 057(w), 1 008(s), 864(s), 849(s), 807(s), 775(s), 748(w), 728(s), 716(w), 642(s), 595(m), 584(w), 518(m), 492(w), 420(s).

  1.4   Crystal structure determination

  The crystals with suitable size (0.30 mm×0.10 mm ×0.10 mm for complex 1, 0.18 mm×0.08 mm×0.08 mm for complex 2) were selected and detected on Agilent Gemini CCD-Diffractometer (Xcalibur, Eos, Gemini) with monochromatic Mo Kα radiation (λ=0.071 073 nm) and an EOS detector. The crystallographic data were collected at room temperature. The CrysAlisPro was used for data collection and processing. Empirical absorption correction using spherical harmonics, implemented in SCALE3 ABSPACK scaling algorithm, was applied to all data. The structures of complex 1 and 2 were solved by Patterson methods and refined on F ² by full-matrix least-squares techniques using SHELXTL software^[29-30]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. All H atoms were fixed in calculated positions and refined isotropically. The crystallographic data of 1 and 2 are displayed in Table 1 and selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 2.

  表 1

  

  表 1  Crystallographic data for complexes 1 and 2

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  Complex	1	2
  Empirical formula	C66H34F12N4O12Tm2	C66H34F12N4O12Yb2
  Formula weight	1 640.83	1 649.05
  Temperature/K	296(2)	296(2)
  Crystal system	Triclinic	Triclinic
  Space group	P1	P1
  a/nm	1.189 6(5)	1.186 8(4)
  b/nm	1.216 6(5)	1.215 4(5)
  c/nm	1.226 0(6)	1.224 4(4)
  α/（°）	76.416(4)	76.360(3)
  β/（°）	61.025(5)	61.141(3)
  γ/（°）	89.946(3)	89.870(3)
  V/nm3	1.495 5(9)	1.490 2(9)
  Z	1	1
  Dc/(g • cm-3)	1.822	1.838
  μ/mm-1	3.054	3.226
  F(000)	800	802
  θrange/(°)	2.67-25.99	2.55-27.48
  Reflection collected	15 350	15 077
  Independent reflection (Rint)	6 444 (0.0278)	6 422 (0.0244)
  Parameter	433	433
  GOF on F2	1.063	1.059
  R1, wR2[I>2σ(I)	0.024 5, 0.047 6	0.022 7, 0.048 6
  R1, wR2(all data)	0.028 9, 0.050 5	0.026 8, 0.050 3

  表 2

  

  表 2  Selected bond lengths (nm) and bond angles (°) for complexes 1 and 2

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  1
  Tm(1)-O(1)	0.239 4(2)	Tm(1)-O(2)	0.236 7(2)	Tm(1)-O(3)	0.235 1(2)
  Tm(1)-O(4)	0.240 1(2)	Tm(1)-O(5)	0.220 9(9)	Tm(1)-O(6)i	0.228 9(2)
  Tm(1)-N(1)	0.244 1(2)	Tm(1)-N(2)	0.247 1(2)
  O(5)-Tm(1)-O(6)i	91.28(7)	O(5)-Tm(1)-O(3)	77.14(7)	O(6)i-Tm(1)-O(3)	89.88(7)
  O(5)-Tm(1)-O(2)	112.96(8)	O(6)i-Tm(1)-O(2)	150.71(8)	O(3)-Tm(1)-O(2)	80.34(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-0(1)	87.79(8)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-0(1)	147.60(7)	0(3)-Tm(1)-0(1)	121.29(7)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-0(1)	54.20(7)	0(5)-Tm(1)-0(4)	130.10(7)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-0(4)	76.06(7)
  0(3)-Tm(1)-0(4)	55.21(7)	0(2)-Tm(1)-0(4)	75.70(7)	0(1)-Tm(1)-0(4)	127.39(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-N(1)	148.54(8)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-N(1)	84.19(7)	0(3)-Tm(1)-N(1)	133.77(8)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-N(1)	82.98(8)	0(1)-Tm(1)-N(1)	80.00(8)	0(4)-Tm(1)-N(1)	78.96(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-N(2)	81.53(7)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-N(2)	75.44(8)	0(3)-Tm(1)-N(2)	153.79(7)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-N(2)	122.52(8)	0(1)-Tm(1)-N(2)	72.39(7)	0(4)-Tm(1)-N(2)	137.34(7)
  N(1)-Tm(1)-N(2)	67.18(7)
  2
  Yb(1)-0(1)	0.234 7(9)	Yb(1)-0(2)	0.239 7(8)	Yb(1)-0(3)	0.238 4(9)
  Yb(1)-0(4)	0.236 2(8)	Yb(1)-0(5)	0.220 0(7)	Yb(1)-0(6)i	0.227 2(7)
  Yb(1)-N(1)	0.243 3(2)	Yb(1)-N(2)	0.245 5(2)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(6)i	91.26(7)	0(5)-Yb(1)-0(3)	87.26(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(3)	147.58(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(2)	130.22(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(2)	76.07(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-0(2)	127.75(6)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(1)	77.29(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(1)	89.93(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-0(1)	121.12(8)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-0(1)	55.20(7)	0(5)-Yb(1)-0(4)	112.83(8)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(4)	150.73(7)
  0(3)-Yb(1)-0(4)	54.56(6)	0(2)-Yb(1)-0(4)	75.63(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-0(4)	80.04(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-N(1)	81.19(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-N(1)	75.45(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-N(1)	72.32(7)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-N(1)	137.52(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-N(1)	153.66(7)	0(4)-Yb(1)-N(1)	122.81(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-N(2)	148.64(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-N(2)	84.44(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-N(2)	80.29(8)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-N(2)	78.82(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-N(2)	133.58(7)	0(4)-Yb(1)-N(2)	82.91(8)
  N(1)-Yb(1)-N(2)	67.64(7)
  Symmetry code:i -x+1, -y+2, -z+1

  CCDC: 1960656, 1; 1960657, 2.

  2.   Results and discussion

  2.1   IR spectra

  As shown in the experimental section, the IR spectra of complexes 1 and 2 were almost same. The weak band at 3 067 cm^-1 are attributed to the C-H stretching of benzene ring. The strong vibrations at1 624, 1 418 cm^-1 in complexes are attributed to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the carboxylate groups, indicating that dfba^- exist in the complexes. The strong band at 1 235 cm^-1 is assigned to C-F stretching vibration. The stretching vibration of C-N are observed at 1 558 cm^-1, showing that phen is included in the complexes. The bending vibrations of C-H of benzene ring were observed in a range of 864~728 cm^-1. Moreover, the bands at 518, 420 cm^-1 are assigned to the vibrations of Ln-O and Ln-N, respectively, confirming that dfba^- and phen are coor-dinated to lanthanide ions.

  2.2   Crystal structures

  Since complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural, herein only the structure of complex 1 is discussed in detail. As show in Fig. 1, the asymmetric unit of complex 1 is composed of one Tm³⁺ ion, three dfba^- anions and one phen molecule. Each Tm³⁺ ion is eight-coordinated, with six oxygen atoms from three dfba^- ligands, and two nitrogen atoms from one phen molecule, forming a distorted two-cap-triprism coordination geometry. O3, O5, O6, O1, N1, O2 atoms are located at the vertex, and N2, O4 atoms are located above the face of the rectangles (Fig. 2). The dfba^- ligands have two different coordination modes. The carboxylate groups of O1-C1-O2 and O3-C8-O4 are in a chelating mode, whereas the carboxylate group of O5-C15-O6 adopts bridging mode. The two adjacent Tm³⁺ ions are bridged by two dfba^- ligands with the Tm…Tm distance of 0.509 7 nm to form a dimeric unit. Each phen molecule coordinates to one Tm³⁺ ion using two N atoms. The distances of Tm-O are in a range of 0.220 9(9)~0.240 1(2) nm, in which the distance of Tm1-O4 is 0.02 nm longer than that of Tm1-O5. The distances of Tm1-N1 and Tm1-N2 are 0.244 1(2) and 0.247 1(2) nm, respectively. The O-Tm-O bond angles range from 54.20(7)° to 150.71(8)°. The phenanthroline molecule is a little distorted, in which the dihedral angle between N1C22C23C24C25C26 ring and C25C26C27 C28C29C30 ring is 1.969(179)°, and it is 1.437(173)° between C25C26C27C28C29C30 ring and N2C27C28 C31C32C33 ring. The carboxylate groups are almost twisted out of the benzene ring planes, in which the dihedral angles between the carboxylate groups and their benzene rings are 46.499(213)°, 53.673(199)°, and 52.961(278)°, respectively.

  图 1

  

  图 1.  Asymmetric structure unit of complex 1 with 30% probability ellipsoids

  Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity; Symmetry code:ⁱ-x+1, -y+2, -z+1

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  图 2

  

  图 2.  Perspective view of coordination geometry of Tm³⁺in complex 1

  Symmetry code:ⁱ-x+1, -y+2, -2+1

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  2.3   TGA

  As shown in Fig. 3, the thermal decomposition steps of two complexes appeared very similar, and complex 1 showed a little bit more stable than complex 2. There was no obvious weightlessness before 280 ℃ for complex 1 and 270 ℃ for complex 2, indicating that there is no guest molecules included in the complexes, which is consistent with the crystal structure analysis. For complex 1, the first weight loss was 35.11% in a range of 280~340 ℃, corresponding to the loss of two dfba^- ligands (Calcd. 38.30%). The second stage occurred in a range of 340~880 ℃, and the weight loss of 38.14% is attributed to the loss of one phen and 0.8 dfba^- ligands (Calcd. 39.48%). The remaining component continued to decompose and it did not end at the temperature limit. For complex 2, the first weight loss was 38.18% in a range of 270~325 ℃, corresponding to the loss of two dfba^- ligands (Calcd. 38.11%). The second decomposition stage with the weight loss of 33.28% corresponds to the loss of one phen and 0.5 dfba^- ligands (Calcd. 33.57%), which occurred in a range of 325~790 ℃. Unlike complex 1, complex 2 reached a platform after 790 ℃.

  图 3

  

  图 3.  TG curves of complexes 1 and 2

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• 

  图 1  Asymmetric structure unit of complex 1 with 30% probability ellipsoids

  Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity; Symmetry code:ⁱ-x+1, -y+2, -z+1

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  图 2  Perspective view of coordination geometry of Tm³⁺in complex 1

  Symmetry code:ⁱ-x+1, -y+2, -2+1

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  图 3  TG curves of complexes 1 and 2

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  表 1  Crystallographic data for complexes 1 and 2

  Complex	1	2
  Empirical formula	C66H34F12N4O12Tm2	C66H34F12N4O12Yb2
  Formula weight	1 640.83	1 649.05
  Temperature/K	296(2)	296(2)
  Crystal system	Triclinic	Triclinic
  Space group	P1	P1
  a/nm	1.189 6(5)	1.186 8(4)
  b/nm	1.216 6(5)	1.215 4(5)
  c/nm	1.226 0(6)	1.224 4(4)
  α/（°）	76.416(4)	76.360(3)
  β/（°）	61.025(5)	61.141(3)
  γ/（°）	89.946(3)	89.870(3)
  V/nm3	1.495 5(9)	1.490 2(9)
  Z	1	1
  Dc/(g • cm-3)	1.822	1.838
  μ/mm-1	3.054	3.226
  F(000)	800	802
  θrange/(°)	2.67-25.99	2.55-27.48
  Reflection collected	15 350	15 077
  Independent reflection (Rint)	6 444 (0.0278)	6 422 (0.0244)
  Parameter	433	433
  GOF on F2	1.063	1.059
  R1, wR2[I>2σ(I)	0.024 5, 0.047 6	0.022 7, 0.048 6
  R1, wR2(all data)	0.028 9, 0.050 5	0.026 8, 0.050 3

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  表 2  Selected bond lengths (nm) and bond angles (°) for complexes 1 and 2

  1
  Tm(1)-O(1)	0.239 4(2)	Tm(1)-O(2)	0.236 7(2)	Tm(1)-O(3)	0.235 1(2)
  Tm(1)-O(4)	0.240 1(2)	Tm(1)-O(5)	0.220 9(9)	Tm(1)-O(6)i	0.228 9(2)
  Tm(1)-N(1)	0.244 1(2)	Tm(1)-N(2)	0.247 1(2)
  O(5)-Tm(1)-O(6)i	91.28(7)	O(5)-Tm(1)-O(3)	77.14(7)	O(6)i-Tm(1)-O(3)	89.88(7)
  O(5)-Tm(1)-O(2)	112.96(8)	O(6)i-Tm(1)-O(2)	150.71(8)	O(3)-Tm(1)-O(2)	80.34(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-0(1)	87.79(8)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-0(1)	147.60(7)	0(3)-Tm(1)-0(1)	121.29(7)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-0(1)	54.20(7)	0(5)-Tm(1)-0(4)	130.10(7)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-0(4)	76.06(7)
  0(3)-Tm(1)-0(4)	55.21(7)	0(2)-Tm(1)-0(4)	75.70(7)	0(1)-Tm(1)-0(4)	127.39(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-N(1)	148.54(8)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-N(1)	84.19(7)	0(3)-Tm(1)-N(1)	133.77(8)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-N(1)	82.98(8)	0(1)-Tm(1)-N(1)	80.00(8)	0(4)-Tm(1)-N(1)	78.96(7)
  0(5)-Tm(1)-N(2)	81.53(7)	0(6)i-Tm(1)-N(2)	75.44(8)	0(3)-Tm(1)-N(2)	153.79(7)
  0(2)-Tm(1)-N(2)	122.52(8)	0(1)-Tm(1)-N(2)	72.39(7)	0(4)-Tm(1)-N(2)	137.34(7)
  N(1)-Tm(1)-N(2)	67.18(7)
  2
  Yb(1)-0(1)	0.234 7(9)	Yb(1)-0(2)	0.239 7(8)	Yb(1)-0(3)	0.238 4(9)
  Yb(1)-0(4)	0.236 2(8)	Yb(1)-0(5)	0.220 0(7)	Yb(1)-0(6)i	0.227 2(7)
  Yb(1)-N(1)	0.243 3(2)	Yb(1)-N(2)	0.245 5(2)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(6)i	91.26(7)	0(5)-Yb(1)-0(3)	87.26(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(3)	147.58(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(2)	130.22(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(2)	76.07(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-0(2)	127.75(6)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-0(1)	77.29(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(1)	89.93(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-0(1)	121.12(8)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-0(1)	55.20(7)	0(5)-Yb(1)-0(4)	112.83(8)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-0(4)	150.73(7)
  0(3)-Yb(1)-0(4)	54.56(6)	0(2)-Yb(1)-0(4)	75.63(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-0(4)	80.04(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-N(1)	81.19(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-N(1)	75.45(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-N(1)	72.32(7)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-N(1)	137.52(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-N(1)	153.66(7)	0(4)-Yb(1)-N(1)	122.81(7)
  0(5)-Yb(1)-N(2)	148.64(7)	0(6)i-Yb(1)-N(2)	84.44(7)	0(3)-Yb(1)-N(2)	80.29(8)
  0(2)-Yb(1)-N(2)	78.82(7)	0(1)-Yb(1)-N(2)	133.58(7)	0(4)-Yb(1)-N(2)	82.91(8)
  N(1)-Yb(1)-N(2)	67.64(7)
  Symmetry code:i -x+1, -y+2, -z+1

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