English

• 0.   Introduction

  In recent years, the design and hydrothermal syntheses of metal-organic coordination polymers have attracted great interest in the field of coordination chemistry and organic chemistry owing to their intriguing architectures and topologies, as well as potential applications in catalysis, magnetism, luminescence and gas absorption^[1-5]. There are many factors, such as the coordination geometry of the metal centers, type and connectivity of organic ligands, stoichiometry, reaction conditions, template effect, presence of auxiliary ligands, and pH values influencing the structures of target coordination polymers during self-assembly^[6-11]. Among these factors, organic ligands play a very important role in constructing coordination polymers.

  As we known, the multi-carboxylate biphenyl ligands have been certified to be of great significance as constructors due to their abundant coordination modes, which could satisfy different geometric requirements of metal centers^[12-17]. In order to extend our research in this field, we have selected biphenyl-2, 4, 4′-tricarboxylic acid (H₃btc) as a functional building block on account of the following considerations: (a) H₃btc possesses three carboxyl groups that may be completely or partially deprotonated, depending on the pH value; (b) it is a flexible ligand allowing the rotation of two phenyl rings around the C-C single bond; (c) it can act as hydrogen-bond acceptor as well as donor, depending upon the degree of deprotonation.

  Taking into consideration the above discussion, we herein report the syntheses, crystal structures, and luminescent properties of three Co(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and Zinc(Ⅱ) complexes constructed from biphenyl tricarboxylic acid ligands.

  1.   Experimental

  1.1   Reagents and physical measurements

  All chemicals and solvents were of AR grade and used without further purification. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were determined using an Elementar Vario EL elemental analyzer. IR spectra were recorded using KBr pellets and a Bruker EQUINOX 55 spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data were collected on a LINSEIS STA PT1600 thermal analyzer with a heating rate of 10 ℃·min^-1. Excitation and emission spectra were recorded for the solid samples on an Edinburgh FLS920 fluorescence spectrometer at room temperature.

  1.2   Synthesis of [Co(Hbtc)(phen)₂(H₂O)]·3H₂O (1)

  A mixture of CoCl₂·6H₂O (0.071 g, 0.30 mmol), H₃btc (0.086 g, 0.30 mmol), phen (0.060 g, 0.3 mmol), NaOH (0.024 g, 0.60 mmol), and H₂O (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, and then sealed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel vessel, and heated at 160 ℃ for 3 days, followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 10 ℃·h^-1. Yellow block-shaped crystals of 1 were isolated manually, and washed with distilled water. Yield: 35% (based on H₃btc). Anal. Calcd. for C₃₉H₃₂CoN₄O₁₀(%): C 60.39, H 4.16, N 7.22; Found(%): C 60.24, H 4.17, N 7.16. IR (KBr, cm^-1): 3 318w, 2 921m, 1 691w, 1 546s, 1 516m, 1 417s, 1 364m, 1 335w, 1 295w, 1 218w, 1 137w, 1 102 w, 1 050w, 898w, 869w, 846m, 770m, 723s, 676w, 636w, 548w.

  1.3   Synthesis of [Pb(μ₃-Hbtc)(2, 2′-bipy)]_n (2)

  A mixture of PbCl₂ (0.083 g, 0.30 mmol), H₃btc (0.086 g, 0.3 mmol), 2, 2′-bipy (0.047 g, 0.3 mmol), NaOH (0.024 g, 0.60 mmol), and H₂O (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, and then sealed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel vessel, and heated at 160 ℃ for 3 days, followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 10 ℃·h^-1. Colorless block-shaped crystals of 2 were isolated manually, and washed with distilled water. Yield: 60% (based on H₃btc). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₅H₁₆PbN₂O₆(%): C 46.37, H 2.49, N 4.33; Found(%): C 46.51, H 3.51, N 4.30. IR (KBr, cm^-1): 3 656w, 2 979w, 1 679w, 1 586s, 1 540s, 1 475w, 1 417w, 1 353s, 1 312w, 1 283w, 1 178w, 1 125 w, 1 056w, 1 003w, 852w, 822w, 770m, 693w, 642w.

  1.4   Synthesis of {[Zn₃(μ₂-btc)₂(μ₂-H₂O)(2, 2′-bipy)₃(H₂O)₅]·8H₂O}_n (3)

  A mixture of ZnCl₂ (0.041 g, 0.30 mmol), H₃btc (0.057 g, 0.2 mmol), 2, 2′-bipy (0.047 g, 0.3 mmol), NaOH (0.024 g, 0.60 mmol), and H₂O (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, and then sealed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel vessel, and heated at 160 ℃ for 3 days, followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 10 ℃·h^-1. Colorless block-shaped crystals of 3 were isolated manually, and washed with distilled water. Yield: 65% (based on H₃btc). Anal. Calcd. for C₆₀H₆₄Zn₃N₆O₂₆(%): C 48.65, H 4.35, N 5.67; Found(%): C 48.74, H 4.31, N 5.63. IR (KBr, cm^-1): 3 685w, 2 927w, 1 597m, 1 574s, 1 528m, 1 475w, 1 446m, 1 376s, 1 312w, 1 248w, 1 172w, 1 097 w, 1 061w, 1 020w, 932w, 875w, 822w, 770m, 735w, 653w. The complexes are insoluble in water and common organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone and DMF.

  1.4   Structure determinations

  Three single crystals with dimensions of 0.28 mm×0.21 mm×0.20 mm (1), 0.27 mm×0.20 mm×0.18 mm (2), and 0.27 mm×0.24 mm×0.23 mm (3) were collected at 293(2) K on a Bruker SMART APEX Ⅱ CCD diffractometer with Mo Kα radiation (λ=0.071 073 nm). The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least-square on F² using the SHELXTL-2014 program^[18]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. All the hydrogen atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model. A summary of the crystallography data and structure refinements for 1~3 is given in Table 1. The selected bond lengths and angles for complexes 1~3 are listed in Table 2. Hydrogen bond parameters of complexes 1~3 are given in Table 3.

  Table 1

  

  Table 1.  Crystal data for complexes 1~3

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  Complex	1	2	3
  Chemical formula	C39H32CoN4O10	C25H16PbN2O6	C60H64Zn3N6O26
  Molecular weight	775.61	647.59	1 481.28
  Crystal system	Orthorhombic	Triclinic	Triclinic
  Space group	Pna21	P1	P1
  a / nm	1.453 11(12)	0.834 75(3)	0.854 71(4)
  b / nm	1.391 53(7)	1.058 08(5)	1.074 73(8)
  c / nm	1.716 80(10)	1.255 20(7)	1.906 40(10)
  α / (°)		84.056(4)	77.622(5)
  β / (°)		77.249(4)	79.700(4)
  γ / (°)		86.958(3)	77.012(5)
  V / nm3	3.471 5(4)	1.074 96(9)	1.650 95(17)
  Z	4	2	1
  F(000)	1 604	620	764
  Crystal size / mm	0.25×0.20×0.18	0.27×0.20×0.18	0.27×0.24×0.23
  θ range for data collection / (°)	3.375~25.045	3.294~25.047	3.798~23.023
  Limiting indices	-17 ≤ h ≤ 11, -15 ≤ k ≤ 16, -20 ≤ l ≤ 20	-9 ≤ h ≤ 9, -12 ≤ k ≤ 8, -14 ≤ l ≤ 14	-9 ≤ h ≤ 10, -8 ≤ k ≤ 12, -20 ≤ l ≤ 22
  Reflection collected, unique (Rint)	12 373, 6 036 (0.055 3)	6 264, 3 799 (0.035 3)	10 069, 5 838 (0.049 9)
  Dc / (g·cm-3)	1.484	2.001	1.490
  μ / mm-1	0.563	7.895	1.167
  Data, restraint, parameter	6 036, 1, 483	3 799, 0, 307	5 838, 0, 443
  Goodness-of-fit on F2	1.026	1.026	1.094
  Final R indices [(I≥2σ(I))] R1, wR2	0.056 3, 0.113 8	0.031 4, 0.057 7	0.106 5, 0.217 7
  R indices (all data) R1, wR2	0.084 7, 0.132 1	0.037 7, 0.061 7	0.134 2, 0.232 8
  Largest diff. peak and hole / (e·nm-3)	421 and -364	976 and -909	537 and -1 395

  Table 2

  

  Table 2.  Selected bond distances (nm) and bond angles (°) for complexes 1~3

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  1
  Co(1)-O(2)	0.209 6(5)	Co(1)-O(7)	0.209 3(5)	Co(1)-N(1)	0.212 9(6)
  Co(1)-N(2)	0.214 3(6)	Co(1)-N(3)	0.214 7(6)	Co(1)-N(4)	0.215 7(7)
  O(2)-Co(1)-O(7)	91.0(2)	O(2)-Co(1)-N(4)	87.9(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(4)	167.3(2)
  O(2)-Co(1)-N(3)	91.4(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(3)	90.0(2)	N(4)-Co(1)-N(3)	77.3(3)
  O(2)-Co(1)-N(2)	171.6(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(2)	90.3(2)	N(4)-Co(1)-N(2)	92.6(2)
  N(3)-Co(1)-N(2)	96.9(2)	O(2)-Co(1)-N(1)	94.1(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(1)	100.7(2)
  N(4)-Co(1)-N(1)	92.0(3)	N(3)-Co(1)-N(1)	167.8(3)	N(2)-Co(1)-N(1)	77.6(3)
  2
  Pb(1)-O(1)	0.230 2(4)	Pb(1)-O(2)	0.280 7(4)	Pb(1)-O(3)A	0.244 4(3)
  Pb(1)-O(2)B	0.283 8(3)	Pb(1)-N(1)	0.256 4(4)	Pb(1)-N(2)	0.262 4(5)
  O(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)	50.07(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-N(1)	74.74(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-N(2)	81.32(1)
  O(1)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	80.59(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	95.79(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-N(1)	122.64(1)
  O(2)-Pb(1)-N(2)	114.49(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	74.94(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	67.39(1)
  N(1)-Pb(1)-N(2)	63.06(1)	N(1)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	82.83(1)	N(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	142.31(1)
  N(2)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	144.55(1)	N(2)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	79.59(1)	O(3)A-Pb(1)-O(2)B	132.42(1)
  3
  Zn(1)-O(1)	0.199 7(6)	Zn(1)-O(7)	0.202 6(6)	Zn(1)-O(8)	0.207 4(7)
  Zn(1)-N(1)	0.209 2(8)	Zn(1)-N(2)	0.214 6(8)	Zn(2)-O(3)	0.204 2(7)
  Zn(2)-O(9)	0.200 3(17)	Zn(2)-O(9)A	0.242 8(15)	Zn(2)-O(10)A	0.202 5(16)
  Zn(2)-N(3)	0.214 2(11)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-O(7)	102.0(3)	O(1)-Zn(1)-O(8)	95.1(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-O(8)	90.2(3)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-N(1)	141.2(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-N(1)	116.3(3)	O(8)-Zn(1)-N(1)	90.6(3)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-N(2)	92.4(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-N(2)	97.9(3)	O(8)-Zn(1)-N(2)	167.6(3)
  N(1)-Zn(1)-N(2)	77.4(3)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(9)	112.2(6)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(3)	90.6(5)
  O(9)-Zn(2)-O(3)	85.5(4)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-N(3)	90.2(5)	O(9)-Zn(2)-N(3)	106.4(5)
  O(3)-Zn(2)-N(3)	166.3(4)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(9)A	31.3(6)	O(9)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	81.1(6)
  O(3)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	85.5(4)	N(3)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	102.1(5)	Zn(2)-O(9)-Zn(2)A	98.9(6)
  Symmetry codes: A: -x+1, -y, -z+1; B: -x+2, -y, -z+1 for 2; A: -x, -y+2, -z+1 for 3.

  Table 3

  

  Table 3.  Hydrogen bond parameters for complexes 1~3

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  D-H…A	d(D-H) / nm	d(H…A) / nm	d(D…A) / nm	∠DHA / (°)
  1
  O(5)-H(5) …O(3)A	0.082	0.169	0.249 8	165.7
  O(7)-H(1W)…O(4)B	0.082	0.192	0.263 5	145.2
  O(7)-H(2W)…O(1)	0.084	0.196	0.270 5	147.4
  O(8)-H(3W)…O(3)C	0.087	0.192	0.279 3	177.6
  O(8)-H(4W)…O(9)	0.075	0.200	0.272 9	166.6
  O(9)-H(5W)…O(6)D	0.085	0.209	0.294 0	179.5
  O(9)-H(6W)…O(1)	0.085	0.197	0.282 4	179.8
  O(10)-H(7W)…O(4)B	0.085	0.207	0.291 8	179.6
  2
  O(5)-H(1)…O(6)A	0.082	0.187	0.267 0	163.3
  3
  O(7)-H(1W)…O(12)A	0.075	0.195	0.268 3	167.0
  O(7)-H(2W)…O(5)B	0.085	0.187	0.272 4	179.4
  O(8)-H(3W)…O(14)	0.070	0.209	0.277 4	167.8
  O(8)-H(4W)…O(6)B	0.085	0.175	0.260 0	179.4
  O(9)-H(5W)…O(4)C	0.085	0.1866	0.271 6	179.7
  O(9)-H(6W)…O(9)C	0.114	0.1804	0.289 8	160.1
  O(10)-H(7W)…O(4)C	0.102	0.1576	0.256 4	163.1
  O(10)-H(8W)…O(3)C	0.103	0.1870	0.289 6	174.2
  O(11)-H(9W)…O(1)D	0.085	0.194	0.278 6	179.8
  O(11)-H(10W)…O(4)E	0.085	0.191	0.276 2	179.5
  O(12)-H(11W)…O(11)	0.070	0.199	0.267 3	168.7
  O(12)-H(12W)…O(2)	0.085	0.188	0.272 9	179.2
  O(13)-H(13W)…O(6)B	0.085	0.188	0.272 8	179.5
  O(13)-H(14W)…O(9)	0.066	0.199	0.263 5	167.2
  O(14)-H(15W)…O(5)E	0.085	0.196	0.281 4	178.2
  O(14)-H(16W)…O(13)	0.085	0.215	0.300 4	178.8
  Symmetry codes: A: x, y-1, z; B: -x+1/2, y-1/2, z+1/2; C: x+1/2, -y+3/2, z; D: x+1/2, -y+1/2, z for 1; A: -x-1, -y+1, -z+2 for 2; A: x-1, y, z; B: x-1, y+1, z; C: -x, -y+2, -z+1; D: x+1, y, z; E: -x+1, -y+1, -z+1; F: x, y+1, z for 3.

  CCDC: 1835223, 1; 1835224, 2; 1835225, 3.

  2.   Results and discussion

  2.1   Description of the structure

  2.1.1   [Co(Hbtc)(phen)₂(H₂O)]·3H₂O (1)

  Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2₁. This complex has a discrete monomeric structure with the asymmetric unit containing of one crystallographically unique Co(Ⅱ) ion, one Hbtc^2- block, two phen moieties, one H₂O ligand, and three lattice water molecules. As depicted in Fig. 1, the six-coordinated Co(Ⅱ) ion is surrounded by one carboxylate O atom from one Hbtc^2- block, one O atom from H₂O ligand, and four N atoms from two phen moieties, thus forming a distorted octahedral {CoO₂N₄} environment. The lengths of Co-O bonds range from 0.209 3(5) to 0.209 6(5) nm, whereas the Co-N distances vary from 0.212 9(6) to 0.215 7(7) nm; these bonding parameters are comparable to those found in other reported Co(Ⅱ) complexes^{[11-12, 14]}. In 1, the Hbtc^2- ligand adopts terminal coordination mode (mode Ⅰ, Scheme 1), in which the deprotonated carboxylate groups exhibit the mono-dentate or uncoordinated modes. The dihedral angle between two phenyl rings in the Hbtc^2- is 56.32°. The discrete units of 1 are connected by means of O-H…O hydrogen bond to give rise to a 3D supramolecular framework (Fig. 2 and Table 3).

  Figure 1

  

  Figure 1.  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 1 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms and lattice water molecules were omitted for clarity except H of COOH group

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  Scheme 1

  

  Scheme 1.  Coordination modes of Hbtc^2-/btc^3- ligands in complexes 1~3

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  Figure 2

  

  Figure 2.  Perspective of 3D supramolecular framework parallel to the ac plane in 1

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  2.1.2   [Pb(μ₃-Hbtc)(2, 2′-bipy)]_n (2)

  Complex 2 shows a 1D chain structure. The asymmetric unit of 2 consists of one crystallographically distinct Pb(Ⅱ) ion, one μ₃-Hbtc^2- block, and one 2, 2′-bipy ligand. As shown in Fig. 3, six-coordinate Pb1 center displays a distorted octahedral {PbO₄N₂} environment, filled by four carboxylate O atoms from three individual μ₃-Hbtc^2- blocks and two N atoms from one 2, 2′-bipy ligand. The Pb-O distances range from 0.230 2(4) to 0.283 8(3) nm, whereas the Pb-N distances vary from 0.256 4(4) to 0.262 4(5) nm; these bonding parameters agree with those observed in other Pb(Ⅱ) complexes^{[12, 14]}. In 2, the Hbtc^2- block acts as a μ₃-spacer and its deprotonated COO^- groups take a monodentate or tridentate modes (mode Ⅱ, Scheme 1). In Hbtc^2-, the dihedral angle between two benzene rings is 57.62°. The carboxylate groups of Hbtc^2- blocks link neighboring Pb(Ⅱ) ions to give a Pb₂ unit (Fig. 4) with the Pb…Pb separation of 0.469 7(4) nm. Neighbor-ing Pb2 subunits are additionally interlinked by the Hbtc^2- spacers to give a 1D chain (Fig. 4).

  Figure 3

  

  Figure 3.  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 2 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms were omitted for clarity except H of COOH group; Symmetry codes: A:-x+1, -y, -z+1; B: -x+2, -y, -z+1

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  Figure 4

  

  Figure 4.  One-dimensional chain in complex 2

  Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1; B: -x+1, -y+2, -z+1

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  2.1.3   {[Zn₃(μ₂-btc)₂(μ₂-H₂O)(2, 2′-bipy)₃(H₂O)₅]·8H₂O}_n(3)

  Complex 3 also exhibits a 1D chain structure. The asymmetric unit of 3 bears two crystallo-graphically unique Zn(Ⅱ) ions (Zn1 with full occupancy; Zn2 with half occupancy), one μ₂-btc^3- block, a half of one μ₂-H₂O, two and a half of terminal coordinated water molecules, one and a half of 2, 2′-bipy ligands, and four lattice water molecules. As shown in Fig. 5, both Zn1 and Zn2 centers are five-coordinated and feature distorted trigonal bipyramidal {ZnN₂O₃} or {ZnNO₄} environments, respectively. Zn1 atom is surrounded by one carboxylate O atom from one μ₂-btc^3- block, two O atoms from two H₂O ligands, and two N atoms from one 2, 2′-bipy moiety. The Zn2 atom is bound by one carboxylate O atom from one btc^3- moiety, three O atoms from three water ligands, and one N atom from one 2, 2′-bipy ligand. The Zn-O (0.199 7(6)~0.242 8(15) nm) and Zn-N (0.209 2(8)~0.214 6(8) nm) bond distances are in agreement with those reported for related zinc(Ⅱ) complexes^{[11, 14, 19]}. In 3, the btc^3- block behaves as a μ₂-spacer and its COO^- groups adopt a monodentate or uncoordinated mode (mode Ⅲ, Scheme 1). In btc^3-, a dihedral angle (between two aromatic rings) is 42.84°. Two O atoms from two water ligands bridge adjacent Zn2 atoms to form a dinuclear zinc unit (Fig. 6) having a Zn…Zn distance of 0.338 1(7) nm. The Zn₂ units are linked by the 2, 2′-bipy ligands to form a 1D chain (Fig. 6).

  Figure 5

  

  Figure 5.  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 3 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms were omitted for clarity; Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1

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  Figure 6

  

  Figure 6.  One-dimensional chain in complex 3

  Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1

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  2.2   TGA analysis

  To determine the thermal stability of complexes 1~3, their thermal behaviors were investigated under nitrogen atmosphere by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As shown in Fig. 7, complex 1 lost its three lattice water molecules and one H₂O ligand in the range of 59~291 ℃ (Obsd. 8.9%; Calcd. 9.3%), followed by the decomposition at 371 ℃. For complex 2, the TGA curve reveals that the sample is stable up to 339 ℃, followed by a decomposition on further heating. The TGA curve of 3 shows that eight lattice and six coordinated water molecules are released between 19~192 ℃ (Obsd. 16.8%; Calcd. 17.0%), and the dehydrated solid begins to decompose at 232 ℃.

  Figure 7

  

  Figure 7.  TGA curves of complexes 1~3

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  2.3   Luminescence properties

  The emission spectra of H₃btc and complexes 2 and 3 were measured in the solid state at room temperature, as depicted in Fig. 8. The free H₃btc ligand displays a weak photoluminescence with an emission maximum at 372 nm. For complexes 2 and 3, the more intense emission bands were observed with maximum at 369 nm for 2 and 415 nm (λ_ex=300 nm in all cases) for 3. All bands can be assigned to an intraligand (π^*→n or π^*→π) emission^{[10, 12, 14]}. The enhancement of luminescence of complexes 2 and 3 can be attributed to the binding of ligands to the metal centers, which effectively increases the rigidity of the ligand and reduces the loss of energy by radiationless decay^{[10-11, 13]}.

  Figure 8

  

  Figure 8.  Solid state emission spectra of H₃btc and complexes 2 and 3

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  3.   Conclusions

  In summary, three new complexes, namely [Co(Hbtc)(phen)₂(H₂O)]·3H₂O (1), [Pb(μ₃-Hbtc)(2, 2′-bipy)]_n (2), and {[Zn₃(μ₂-btc)₂(μ₂-H₂O)(2, 2′-bipy)₃(H₂O)₅]·8H₂O}_n (3), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The complexes feature the 0D mononuclear and 1D chain structures, respectively. Luminescent properties of complexes 2 and 3 have also been studied. For complexes 2 and 3, the more intense emission bands were observed.

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  Figure 1  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 1 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms and lattice water molecules were omitted for clarity except H of COOH group

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  Scheme 1  Coordination modes of Hbtc^2-/btc^3- ligands in complexes 1~3

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  Figure 2  Perspective of 3D supramolecular framework parallel to the ac plane in 1

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  Figure 3  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 2 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms were omitted for clarity except H of COOH group; Symmetry codes: A:-x+1, -y, -z+1; B: -x+2, -y, -z+1

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  Figure 4  One-dimensional chain in complex 2

  Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1; B: -x+1, -y+2, -z+1

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  Figure 5  Drawing of the asymmetric unit of complex 3 with 30% probability thermal ellipsoids

  H atoms were omitted for clarity; Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1

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  Figure 6  One-dimensional chain in complex 3

  Symmetry codes: A:-x, -y+2, -z+1

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  Figure 7  TGA curves of complexes 1~3

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  Figure 8  Solid state emission spectra of H₃btc and complexes 2 and 3

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  Table 1.  Crystal data for complexes 1~3

  Complex	1	2	3
  Chemical formula	C39H32CoN4O10	C25H16PbN2O6	C60H64Zn3N6O26
  Molecular weight	775.61	647.59	1 481.28
  Crystal system	Orthorhombic	Triclinic	Triclinic
  Space group	Pna21	P1	P1
  a / nm	1.453 11(12)	0.834 75(3)	0.854 71(4)
  b / nm	1.391 53(7)	1.058 08(5)	1.074 73(8)
  c / nm	1.716 80(10)	1.255 20(7)	1.906 40(10)
  α / (°)		84.056(4)	77.622(5)
  β / (°)		77.249(4)	79.700(4)
  γ / (°)		86.958(3)	77.012(5)
  V / nm3	3.471 5(4)	1.074 96(9)	1.650 95(17)
  Z	4	2	1
  F(000)	1 604	620	764
  Crystal size / mm	0.25×0.20×0.18	0.27×0.20×0.18	0.27×0.24×0.23
  θ range for data collection / (°)	3.375~25.045	3.294~25.047	3.798~23.023
  Limiting indices	-17 ≤ h ≤ 11, -15 ≤ k ≤ 16, -20 ≤ l ≤ 20	-9 ≤ h ≤ 9, -12 ≤ k ≤ 8, -14 ≤ l ≤ 14	-9 ≤ h ≤ 10, -8 ≤ k ≤ 12, -20 ≤ l ≤ 22
  Reflection collected, unique (Rint)	12 373, 6 036 (0.055 3)	6 264, 3 799 (0.035 3)	10 069, 5 838 (0.049 9)
  Dc / (g·cm-3)	1.484	2.001	1.490
  μ / mm-1	0.563	7.895	1.167
  Data, restraint, parameter	6 036, 1, 483	3 799, 0, 307	5 838, 0, 443
  Goodness-of-fit on F2	1.026	1.026	1.094
  Final R indices [(I≥2σ(I))] R1, wR2	0.056 3, 0.113 8	0.031 4, 0.057 7	0.106 5, 0.217 7
  R indices (all data) R1, wR2	0.084 7, 0.132 1	0.037 7, 0.061 7	0.134 2, 0.232 8
  Largest diff. peak and hole / (e·nm-3)	421 and -364	976 and -909	537 and -1 395

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  Table 2.  Selected bond distances (nm) and bond angles (°) for complexes 1~3

  1
  Co(1)-O(2)	0.209 6(5)	Co(1)-O(7)	0.209 3(5)	Co(1)-N(1)	0.212 9(6)
  Co(1)-N(2)	0.214 3(6)	Co(1)-N(3)	0.214 7(6)	Co(1)-N(4)	0.215 7(7)
  O(2)-Co(1)-O(7)	91.0(2)	O(2)-Co(1)-N(4)	87.9(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(4)	167.3(2)
  O(2)-Co(1)-N(3)	91.4(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(3)	90.0(2)	N(4)-Co(1)-N(3)	77.3(3)
  O(2)-Co(1)-N(2)	171.6(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(2)	90.3(2)	N(4)-Co(1)-N(2)	92.6(2)
  N(3)-Co(1)-N(2)	96.9(2)	O(2)-Co(1)-N(1)	94.1(2)	O(7)-Co(1)-N(1)	100.7(2)
  N(4)-Co(1)-N(1)	92.0(3)	N(3)-Co(1)-N(1)	167.8(3)	N(2)-Co(1)-N(1)	77.6(3)
  2
  Pb(1)-O(1)	0.230 2(4)	Pb(1)-O(2)	0.280 7(4)	Pb(1)-O(3)A	0.244 4(3)
  Pb(1)-O(2)B	0.283 8(3)	Pb(1)-N(1)	0.256 4(4)	Pb(1)-N(2)	0.262 4(5)
  O(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)	50.07(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-N(1)	74.74(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-N(2)	81.32(1)
  O(1)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	80.59(1)	O(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	95.79(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-N(1)	122.64(1)
  O(2)-Pb(1)-N(2)	114.49(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	74.94(1)	O(2)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	67.39(1)
  N(1)-Pb(1)-N(2)	63.06(1)	N(1)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	82.83(1)	N(1)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	142.31(1)
  N(2)-Pb(1)-O(3)A	144.55(1)	N(2)-Pb(1)-O(2)B	79.59(1)	O(3)A-Pb(1)-O(2)B	132.42(1)
  3
  Zn(1)-O(1)	0.199 7(6)	Zn(1)-O(7)	0.202 6(6)	Zn(1)-O(8)	0.207 4(7)
  Zn(1)-N(1)	0.209 2(8)	Zn(1)-N(2)	0.214 6(8)	Zn(2)-O(3)	0.204 2(7)
  Zn(2)-O(9)	0.200 3(17)	Zn(2)-O(9)A	0.242 8(15)	Zn(2)-O(10)A	0.202 5(16)
  Zn(2)-N(3)	0.214 2(11)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-O(7)	102.0(3)	O(1)-Zn(1)-O(8)	95.1(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-O(8)	90.2(3)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-N(1)	141.2(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-N(1)	116.3(3)	O(8)-Zn(1)-N(1)	90.6(3)
  O(1)-Zn(1)-N(2)	92.4(3)	O(7)-Zn(1)-N(2)	97.9(3)	O(8)-Zn(1)-N(2)	167.6(3)
  N(1)-Zn(1)-N(2)	77.4(3)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(9)	112.2(6)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(3)	90.6(5)
  O(9)-Zn(2)-O(3)	85.5(4)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-N(3)	90.2(5)	O(9)-Zn(2)-N(3)	106.4(5)
  O(3)-Zn(2)-N(3)	166.3(4)	O(10)A-Zn(2)-O(9)A	31.3(6)	O(9)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	81.1(6)
  O(3)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	85.5(4)	N(3)-Zn(2)-O(9)A	102.1(5)	Zn(2)-O(9)-Zn(2)A	98.9(6)
  Symmetry codes: A: -x+1, -y, -z+1; B: -x+2, -y, -z+1 for 2; A: -x, -y+2, -z+1 for 3.

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  Table 3.  Hydrogen bond parameters for complexes 1~3

  D-H…A	d(D-H) / nm	d(H…A) / nm	d(D…A) / nm	∠DHA / (°)
  1
  O(5)-H(5) …O(3)A	0.082	0.169	0.249 8	165.7
  O(7)-H(1W)…O(4)B	0.082	0.192	0.263 5	145.2
  O(7)-H(2W)…O(1)	0.084	0.196	0.270 5	147.4
  O(8)-H(3W)…O(3)C	0.087	0.192	0.279 3	177.6
  O(8)-H(4W)…O(9)	0.075	0.200	0.272 9	166.6
  O(9)-H(5W)…O(6)D	0.085	0.209	0.294 0	179.5
  O(9)-H(6W)…O(1)	0.085	0.197	0.282 4	179.8
  O(10)-H(7W)…O(4)B	0.085	0.207	0.291 8	179.6
  2
  O(5)-H(1)…O(6)A	0.082	0.187	0.267 0	163.3
  3
  O(7)-H(1W)…O(12)A	0.075	0.195	0.268 3	167.0
  O(7)-H(2W)…O(5)B	0.085	0.187	0.272 4	179.4
  O(8)-H(3W)…O(14)	0.070	0.209	0.277 4	167.8
  O(8)-H(4W)…O(6)B	0.085	0.175	0.260 0	179.4
  O(9)-H(5W)…O(4)C	0.085	0.1866	0.271 6	179.7
  O(9)-H(6W)…O(9)C	0.114	0.1804	0.289 8	160.1
  O(10)-H(7W)…O(4)C	0.102	0.1576	0.256 4	163.1
  O(10)-H(8W)…O(3)C	0.103	0.1870	0.289 6	174.2
  O(11)-H(9W)…O(1)D	0.085	0.194	0.278 6	179.8
  O(11)-H(10W)…O(4)E	0.085	0.191	0.276 2	179.5
  O(12)-H(11W)…O(11)	0.070	0.199	0.267 3	168.7
  O(12)-H(12W)…O(2)	0.085	0.188	0.272 9	179.2
  O(13)-H(13W)…O(6)B	0.085	0.188	0.272 8	179.5
  O(13)-H(14W)…O(9)	0.066	0.199	0.263 5	167.2
  O(14)-H(15W)…O(5)E	0.085	0.196	0.281 4	178.2
  O(14)-H(16W)…O(13)	0.085	0.215	0.300 4	178.8
  Symmetry codes: A: x, y-1, z; B: -x+1/2, y-1/2, z+1/2; C: x+1/2, -y+3/2, z; D: x+1/2, -y+1/2, z for 1; A: -x-1, -y+1, -z+2 for 2; A: x-1, y, z; B: x-1, y+1, z; C: -x, -y+2, -z+1; D: x+1, y, z; E: -x+1, -y+1, -z+1; F: x, y+1, z for 3.

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