在热力学可逆循环过程中，用温–熵图(T–S图)表示系统的温度与熵的变化关系，能同时显示出系统所吸的热与所做的功，从而可以方便地计算得到该循环的热功转换效率。本文总结了T–S图在多个经典热功转换循环过程中的应用，还介绍了近期报道的、利用电势的温度效应或浓差效应构建热力学循环，从低品位热能中获取能量的几个新型能量转换过程以及T–S图在其中的指导作用，可加深师生对T–S图的理解和认识，并拓展其应用范围。

采用原位聚合法制备了氯氧化铋(BiOCl)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合的Ⅱ型异质结光催化剂BiOCl/PANI，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附测试等多种技术手段对其进行了表征，考察了BiOCl/PANI在模拟可见光下对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明：BiOCl/PANI催化剂比PANI和BiOCl具有更高的光催化活性，在RhB质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1、PANI与BiOCl的物质的量之比为0.02∶1、50 mg·L^-1的催化剂条件下，所制备的BiOCl/PANI光催化150 min后，RhB降解率为98.8%，速率常数为0.031 min^-1；经过4次循环实验后，RhB降解率从98.8%降低至98.4%，表现出良好的稳定性和可重复利用性。光催化剂BiOCl/PANI实现了电子和空穴对的快速分离，降低了二者在催化剂内部的复合速率，提高了光催化性能。

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAm)交联温敏纳米纤维膜作为一种相变温度易于控制的新兴响应性材料，克服了传统PNIPAm块状水凝胶的生产成本高、响应速率慢和PNIPAm非交联温敏纳米纤维耐水性差的缺点，受到广泛研究并应用于智能开关、温度致动器、水油分离、药物、细胞控制释放和伤口敷料等领域。形貌稳定性和快速响应性是温敏纳米纤维膜在重复体积变化过程中最大的挑战，同时也作为评价PNIPAm温敏纳米纤维膜的实用性最重要指标引起了人们广泛的关注。本文全面综述了PNIPAm温敏纳米纤维膜近二十年来国内外的突破性进展和非交联作用下PNIPAm温敏纳米纤维膜的形貌变化和响应性，重点综合分析了物理和化学交联中交联反应类型、交联度、交联时间和交联分子量对PNIPAm温敏纳米纤维膜的形貌稳定性和响应行为的影响，为之后纤维膜的交联处理提供了理论支持，并对PNIPAm温敏纳米纤维膜的发展及应用前景进行了展望。

仪器分析实验“分子荧光法测定罗丹明B的含量”存在实验过于简单、未考虑实际情况等问题。因此，本改进实验在三维荧光扫描模式下获取样本数据，不进行复杂预处理，而是运用化学计量学算法解析出目标分析物的纯信号，进而实现了染色辣椒中罗丹明6G和123的同时测定。本改进实验提高了学生全面考虑问题和创新解决问题的能力。

提升钴酸锂(LCO)正极的充电截止电压是提高锂离子电池(LIBs)能量密度的直接策略。然而，高电压下正极-电解质界面相(CEI)的不稳定性严重制约了高能量密度LIBs的发展。因此，本研究利用无碳酸乙烯酯(EC)的电解液设计，通过构建兼具化学稳定性与机械强度的氟/硼复合CEI以提升界面稳定性。采用碳酸丙烯酯(PC)及氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)作为溶剂，增强电解液的抗氧化稳定性，促进CEI中氟化锂(LiF)组分的生成，提升其机械强度。同时，引入双草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)添加剂，在CEI中形成含硼交联聚合物(LiB_xO_y)组分，以其柔性结构特征弥补LiF层的不足之处。最终，构建出具有富无机相(LiF和Li₂C₂O₄)嵌入含硼类聚合物(LiB_xO_y)基体结构的刚柔并济CEI。这种CEI其兼具结构致密性、良好的机械稳定性与电化学稳定性等优点，有效抑制高电压下LCO的界面副反应及不可逆结构退化。实验结果表明，无EC的PC基电解液使LCO正极在4.6 V高截止电压下展现出优异的电化学性能，0.5C倍率循环200次后容量保持率达82%。此外，石墨||LCO全电池在4.5 V截止电压下表现出显著提升的循环稳定性，并实现−40 – 80 ℃宽温域范围内的稳定运行，验证了该优化电解液衍生的刚柔并济CEI的有效性。本研究突破传统EC基电解液设计范式，为开发高性能、宽温域及可持续PC基电解液提供了新思路。

A simple two-step hydrothermal method synthesized four different CdS/Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts with varying ratios of mass of CdS to Fe₃O₄. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Solid UV reflectance spectra testing found that CdS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites had good light absorption throughout the spectral range, promoting their photocatalytic properties. Under visible light irradiation, CdS/Fe₃O₄ (2:5) with a mass ratio of 2:5 exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation rate of 98.8% for rhodamine B. Furthermore, after five cycles of photocatalytic degradation reaction, the rhodamine B degradation rate remained at 96.2%, indicating that the photocatalysts have good photocatalytic stability.

A flower-like BiOBr photocatalyst (CS/BiOBr) was prepared by using the carbon material derived from corn straw (CS) as the carrier. The prepared composites were characterized by X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FIIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS). The SEM analyses indicate that the introduction of CS promotes the formation of a unique flower-like structure in BiOBr, which not only optimizes the efficiency of light capture but also increases the specific surface area of BiOBr. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the pure BiOBr. The CS/BiOBr composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than pure CS and BiOBr under visible light irradiation, and a higher first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.043 7 min^-1 than BiOBr (0.014 6 min^-1), and exhibited excellent stability and reusability during the cyclic run. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and holes were the major active species.

Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄ composites were synthesized using the solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as the solvent. Bi₂O₃ was grown on the surface of BiVO₄ by regulating the reaction temperature. The adsorption performance of the composite for rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated. The results indicate that the reaction temperature significantly impacts the morphology and adsorption performance of Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄. The Bi₂O₃@BiVO₄ composite prepared at 180 ℃ (180-BO@BVO) consisted of nanoparticles with an average size of 7 nm, featuring a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface, but with a lower specific surface area (only 1.2 m²·g^-1). 180-BO@BVO, with oxygen species adsorbed at surface oxygen vacancies carrying a negative charge, achieved an impressive RhB removal efficiency of up to 83.0% through electrostatic interaction with RhB. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that it is predominantly governed by chemical adsorption. After five cycles of adsorption experiments, the removal efficiency of RhB by composites remained basically unchanged (more than 80%), demonstrating excellent regeneration performance.

面向化学类(非高分子)专业的高分子化学实验教学发展较为缓慢，亟需紧跟研究前沿，引入新内容。本文总结了近十年的教学改革经验，并以温敏型高分子的制备、溶液性质、光学性能与应用为例，介绍如何通过实验教学内容、实验技术、教学方法等方面的创新，设计符合理科人才培养需求的、契合时代与科学发展的、被学生喜爱与重视的一系列高分子化学实验，以有效解决培养需求与课业负担之间的矛盾，且在不新增开课、课时有限的情况下，加入到化学类专业本科教学体系中，激发学生对学科领域的兴趣，提升学生的探究和创新能力。

测定镁条与稀硫酸反应的速率常数是多所高校的基础无机化学实验。然而用一级动力学模型拟合时，容易观察到反应后半段的数据不符合模型。为了验证副反应的猜想，我们引入了pH值数据，设计了规范化自动化的实验过程和数据采集；我们开发了数据处理的小程序包，用于深入研究镁条与硫酸之间的反应速率常数。实验发现主反应(Mg与H₂SO₄)为一级反应，其速率常数随温度升高显著增加；副反应(Mg与H₂O)符合二级动力学特征，活化能达127.79 kJ‧mol^‒1。本论文通过多维度数据协同分析、自动化数据处理流程设计，对主副反应动力学特征进行了交叉验证，解释了电导率数据偏离现象。本论文将传统验证性实验转化为研究型教学载体，实现了“数据驱动研究”范式与实验教学的融合，为理工科非化学专业学生培养创新思维与数字化问题解决能力提供了实践范例。