以玉米酒糟为原料制备的硬碳(HC)是一种可持续、低成本钠离子电池(SIBs)负极候选材料，但其实际应用一直受限于其不足的可逆容量。本研究报道一种温度梯度处理法，该方法可精确调控玉米酒糟衍生硬碳的层间距、孔隙率和石墨化程度，从而获得卓越的电化学性能。优化后的材料具有0.378 nm层间距和1.68 nm主孔径，展现出优异的高倍率性能：在1.0和2.0 A g^-1电流密度下分别实现289与198 mAh g^-1的比容量，且在2.0 A g^-1下循环700次后容量保持率达83%。通过原位X射线衍射与非原位拉曼光谱联用，揭示出“吸附-插层协同孔隙填充”的独特储钠机制，该机制有助于解释其快速动力学特性和长循环稳定性。这些结果表明，通过精准调控生物质衍生硬碳的结构策略，可实现实用化SIB负极所需的容量、倍率性能和循环寿命——使这种储量丰富、源自废弃物的材料大幅迈向商业化。

A composite catalyst (Ni-NiO@CN) with nickel-nickel oxide (Ni-NiO) loaded on two-dimensional g-C₃N₄ (CN) was successfully constructed by hydrothermal coupled pyrolysis. The Ni-NiO nanostructure served as the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) active center, and the N-rich CN matrix promoted electron transfer and effectively protected the active components from shedding through physical isolation. Ni-NiO@CN-500, obtained by calcination at 500 ℃, exhibited the highest activity with the current density of 164 mA·cm^-2 at 1.67 V (vs RHE) in the alkaline medium. Furthermore, the current density of Ni-NiO@CN-500 could be maintained at 154.9 mA·cm^-2 (94.5% of its initial value) in the CO-saturated alkaline methanol electrolyte, significantly outperforming commercial Pt/C catalysts.