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2026 Volume 42 Issue 9
2026, 42(9): 1793-1806
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260035
Abstract:
Aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries are a new type of energy storage device that operate on aqueous electrolytes and rely on the intercalation/deintercalation of multivalent metal ions in electrode materials. This type of battery offers significant advantages, including high safety, high conductivity, and high theoretical capacity, and has garnered widespread attention in recent years. However, multivalent metal ions possess a high charge density, leading to a high desolvation energy barrier in aqueous electrolytes. Additionally, solid-phase diffusion in cathode materials encounters kinetic barriers, severely limiting their electrochemical performance and further development. To address these critical challenges, it is crucial to develop cathode materials with fast ion transport channels. Among numerous candidate materials, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been widely investigated as cathodes for aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries due to their open three-dimensional framework, tunable redox-active sites, and facile synthesis suitable for scale-up. Nevertheless, PBAs are still faced with challenges such as poor conductivity and insufficient structural stability in practical applications. To overcome these limitations, current research strategies primarily focus on constructing multi-metal active sites and designing composites with highly conductive materials, aiming to optimize both charge transfer kinetics and structural integrity. This review systematically summarizes the rational design strategies of PBA-based composites and their applications as cathodes in aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries, offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance electrode materials in next-generation energy storage systems.
Aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries are a new type of energy storage device that operate on aqueous electrolytes and rely on the intercalation/deintercalation of multivalent metal ions in electrode materials. This type of battery offers significant advantages, including high safety, high conductivity, and high theoretical capacity, and has garnered widespread attention in recent years. However, multivalent metal ions possess a high charge density, leading to a high desolvation energy barrier in aqueous electrolytes. Additionally, solid-phase diffusion in cathode materials encounters kinetic barriers, severely limiting their electrochemical performance and further development. To address these critical challenges, it is crucial to develop cathode materials with fast ion transport channels. Among numerous candidate materials, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been widely investigated as cathodes for aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries due to their open three-dimensional framework, tunable redox-active sites, and facile synthesis suitable for scale-up. Nevertheless, PBAs are still faced with challenges such as poor conductivity and insufficient structural stability in practical applications. To overcome these limitations, current research strategies primarily focus on constructing multi-metal active sites and designing composites with highly conductive materials, aiming to optimize both charge transfer kinetics and structural integrity. This review systematically summarizes the rational design strategies of PBA-based composites and their applications as cathodes in aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries, offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance electrode materials in next-generation energy storage systems.
2026, 42(9): 1845-1870
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260059
Abstract:
Water electrolysis for hydrogen production is pivotal for the large-scale deployment of green hydrogen. However, its energy conversion efficiency is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and current catalysts often lack stability under harsh operating conditions. The vastness of the material chemical space poses significant challenges to the discovery of high-performance anode materials via traditional experimental "trial-and-error" approaches. In recent years, the integration of density functional theory (DFT)-based high-throughput computing (HTC) with machine learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a novel solution for developing high-performance OER catalysts. This paradigm drives material discovery through theoretical simulations and data mining. This review summarizes recent progress in applying this research paradigm to OER catalyst design. First, we outline the OER mechanisms, computational frameworks, and HTC workflows. We also introduce ML workflows, encompassing multimodal dataset construction, physical feature engineering, and advanced algorithmic architectures. Subsequently, the review focuses on the exploration of three representative material systems: noble metal (Ir/Ru-based) oxides, earth-abundant metal oxides/oxyhydroxides (e.g., layered double hydroxides and perovskites), and high-entropy alloys and their oxide derivatives. Finally, we summarize current challenges regarding data standardization, model generalization, and the simulation of realistic operating conditions. We also provide an outlook on the prospects of generative AI (AIGC) and autonomous laboratories in enabling full-process automated material research and development.
Water electrolysis for hydrogen production is pivotal for the large-scale deployment of green hydrogen. However, its energy conversion efficiency is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and current catalysts often lack stability under harsh operating conditions. The vastness of the material chemical space poses significant challenges to the discovery of high-performance anode materials via traditional experimental "trial-and-error" approaches. In recent years, the integration of density functional theory (DFT)-based high-throughput computing (HTC) with machine learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a novel solution for developing high-performance OER catalysts. This paradigm drives material discovery through theoretical simulations and data mining. This review summarizes recent progress in applying this research paradigm to OER catalyst design. First, we outline the OER mechanisms, computational frameworks, and HTC workflows. We also introduce ML workflows, encompassing multimodal dataset construction, physical feature engineering, and advanced algorithmic architectures. Subsequently, the review focuses on the exploration of three representative material systems: noble metal (Ir/Ru-based) oxides, earth-abundant metal oxides/oxyhydroxides (e.g., layered double hydroxides and perovskites), and high-entropy alloys and their oxide derivatives. Finally, we summarize current challenges regarding data standardization, model generalization, and the simulation of realistic operating conditions. We also provide an outlook on the prospects of generative AI (AIGC) and autonomous laboratories in enabling full-process automated material research and development.
2026, 42(9): 1871-1892
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260168
Abstract:
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their unique advantages of high specific surface area, tunable active sites, and structural diversity, exhibit significant application potential in the electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR). This article systematically reviews the research progress of MOF-based electrocatalysts for UOR from four dimensions, namely design strategies, synthesis methods, performance evaluation approaches, and reaction mechanism types, aiming to reveal the intrinsic structure-activity relationship between MOF-based catalyst structures and UOR performance, summarize the key challenges currently faced in this field, and provide a comprehensive reference for the precise design and development of high-performance MOF-based UOR electrocatalysts.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with their unique advantages of high specific surface area, tunable active sites, and structural diversity, exhibit significant application potential in the electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR). This article systematically reviews the research progress of MOF-based electrocatalysts for UOR from four dimensions, namely design strategies, synthesis methods, performance evaluation approaches, and reaction mechanism types, aiming to reveal the intrinsic structure-activity relationship between MOF-based catalyst structures and UOR performance, summarize the key challenges currently faced in this field, and provide a comprehensive reference for the precise design and development of high-performance MOF-based UOR electrocatalysts.
2026, 42(9): 1893-1909
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260144
Abstract:
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) offers an important pathway toward carbon resource recycling and the realization of carbon neutrality. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring high structural tunability, adjustable porosity, and well-dispersed active sites, have demonstrated significant potential in eCO2RR applications. However, challenges remain in identifying the true active species and unraveling structural reconstruction under realistic reaction conditions. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of in-situ characterization techniques-including in-situ infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry of MOF-based catalysts for eCO2RR. Emphasis is placed on their roles and advantages in identifying reaction intermediates, tracking metal valence evolution, probing coordination environment changes, elucidating structural reconstruction behavior, and analyzing product formation kinetics. Unlike previous reviews that focus on the technical aspects of characterization methods, this review centers on the dynamic reconstruction of metal- organic frameworks (MOFs) and the identification of authentic active sites. It systematically summarizes how multi-scale in-situ characterization techniques unravel the correlation between the intrinsic structural evolution of MOFs and their catalytic performance. Future perspectives are also discussed, including multi-technique integration, improved spatiotemporal resolution, and the deep fusion of in-situ data with theoretical calculations and machine learning. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for understanding real active sites, clarifying reaction mechanisms, and designing efficient MOF-based electrocatalytic systems.
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) offers an important pathway toward carbon resource recycling and the realization of carbon neutrality. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring high structural tunability, adjustable porosity, and well-dispersed active sites, have demonstrated significant potential in eCO2RR applications. However, challenges remain in identifying the true active species and unraveling structural reconstruction under realistic reaction conditions. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of in-situ characterization techniques-including in-situ infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry of MOF-based catalysts for eCO2RR. Emphasis is placed on their roles and advantages in identifying reaction intermediates, tracking metal valence evolution, probing coordination environment changes, elucidating structural reconstruction behavior, and analyzing product formation kinetics. Unlike previous reviews that focus on the technical aspects of characterization methods, this review centers on the dynamic reconstruction of metal- organic frameworks (MOFs) and the identification of authentic active sites. It systematically summarizes how multi-scale in-situ characterization techniques unravel the correlation between the intrinsic structural evolution of MOFs and their catalytic performance. Future perspectives are also discussed, including multi-technique integration, improved spatiotemporal resolution, and the deep fusion of in-situ data with theoretical calculations and machine learning. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for understanding real active sites, clarifying reaction mechanisms, and designing efficient MOF-based electrocatalytic systems.
2026, 42(9): 1910-1932
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260188
Abstract:
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered a candidate for the next generation of energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density (2 600 Wh·kg-1) and environmental friendliness. However, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides, the growth of lithium dendrites, and the volume expansion of sulfur cathodes severely limit the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived materials with high specific surface area, abundant active sites, and structural stability can efficiently block lithium polysulfide shuttling and accelerate redox kinetics. They are ideal modified materials for lithium-sulfur battery separators. This review mainly introduces the application of MOF-derived materials in lithium-sulfur battery separators. Based on the types of metal-based materials (such as metal nanoparticles, oxides, sulfides, and other metal compounds), the synthesis strategies of MOF-derived materials are first elaborated. Secondly, the mechanism and effect of MOF-derived materials in separators are analyzed in depth. Finally, the development direction of their application in lithium-sulfur battery separators is discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future research.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered a candidate for the next generation of energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density (2 600 Wh·kg-1) and environmental friendliness. However, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides, the growth of lithium dendrites, and the volume expansion of sulfur cathodes severely limit the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived materials with high specific surface area, abundant active sites, and structural stability can efficiently block lithium polysulfide shuttling and accelerate redox kinetics. They are ideal modified materials for lithium-sulfur battery separators. This review mainly introduces the application of MOF-derived materials in lithium-sulfur battery separators. Based on the types of metal-based materials (such as metal nanoparticles, oxides, sulfides, and other metal compounds), the synthesis strategies of MOF-derived materials are first elaborated. Secondly, the mechanism and effect of MOF-derived materials in separators are analyzed in depth. Finally, the development direction of their application in lithium-sulfur battery separators is discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future research.
2026, 42(9): 1807-1815
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250363
Abstract:
The development of efficient catalysts for water oxidation is pivotal for advancing sustainable energy technologies, such as overall water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. While molecular catalysts offer precise tunability at the atomic level, their practical application is hindered by instability and poor recyclability. Recent advances in metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) have bridged homogeneous molecular catalysts and robust heterogeneous materials, offering a promising platform for durable water oxidation. This review highlights recent progress in the development of MCOF-based water oxidation catalysts, with a focus on design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic insights.
The development of efficient catalysts for water oxidation is pivotal for advancing sustainable energy technologies, such as overall water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. While molecular catalysts offer precise tunability at the atomic level, their practical application is hindered by instability and poor recyclability. Recent advances in metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) have bridged homogeneous molecular catalysts and robust heterogeneous materials, offering a promising platform for durable water oxidation. This review highlights recent progress in the development of MCOF-based water oxidation catalysts, with a focus on design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and mechanistic insights.
2026, 42(9): 1816-1844
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250383
Abstract:
In the context of the global energy transition, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the predominant energy storage technology. However, their fast-charging capabilities continue to be limited by challenges such as lithium dendrite formation, electrode volume expansion, and interfacial instability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer promising opportunities to improve battery performance owing to their high specific surface area, tunable pore architectures, and abundant redox-active sites. Their ordered porous structure not only promotes efficient ion transport and electrolyte penetration but also enables the incorporation of numerous active sites through precise structural design. This review systematically outlines recent progress in the use of MOFs and their derivatives for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on their applications in electrode materials and critical battery components, as well as the associated enhancement mechanisms. It aims to provide guidance for the design and development of high-performance MOF-based materials for fast-charging batteries.
In the context of the global energy transition, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the predominant energy storage technology. However, their fast-charging capabilities continue to be limited by challenges such as lithium dendrite formation, electrode volume expansion, and interfacial instability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer promising opportunities to improve battery performance owing to their high specific surface area, tunable pore architectures, and abundant redox-active sites. Their ordered porous structure not only promotes efficient ion transport and electrolyte penetration but also enables the incorporation of numerous active sites through precise structural design. This review systematically outlines recent progress in the use of MOFs and their derivatives for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on their applications in electrode materials and critical battery components, as well as the associated enhancement mechanisms. It aims to provide guidance for the design and development of high-performance MOF-based materials for fast-charging batteries.
2026, 42(9): 1933-1944
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250373
Abstract:
Developing high-performance electrocatalysts for the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is essential for advancing alkaline hydrogen fuel cells. Here, we report the synthesis of ruthenium (Ru) catalysts with tuned crystallinity and oxidation degree. By combining template-assisted synthesis with controlled thermal treatment, amorphous, partially crystalline, highly crystalline, and partially oxidized Ru products were successfully obtained. Catalysts with moderate crystallinity and partial oxidation exhibit enhanced catalytic activity toward the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction. The optimized Ru-RuO2 catalyst achieved a mass activity of 81.66 mA·mgRu-1, which was 2.27 times that of commercial Pt/C under identical conditions. The improved activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of moderate crystallinity and partial oxidation, which favors a favorable Tafel-Volmer reaction pathway.
Developing high-performance electrocatalysts for the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is essential for advancing alkaline hydrogen fuel cells. Here, we report the synthesis of ruthenium (Ru) catalysts with tuned crystallinity and oxidation degree. By combining template-assisted synthesis with controlled thermal treatment, amorphous, partially crystalline, highly crystalline, and partially oxidized Ru products were successfully obtained. Catalysts with moderate crystallinity and partial oxidation exhibit enhanced catalytic activity toward the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction. The optimized Ru-RuO2 catalyst achieved a mass activity of 81.66 mA·mgRu-1, which was 2.27 times that of commercial Pt/C under identical conditions. The improved activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of moderate crystallinity and partial oxidation, which favors a favorable Tafel-Volmer reaction pathway.
2026, 42(9): 1945-1958
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260147
Abstract:
To overcome the non-radiative energy dissipation that weakens the intrinsic emission of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a fluorophore functionalization strategy was applied to restrict intramolecular ligand motion and to enhance the photoluminescence. Two analogous frameworks were synthesized and systematically compared: {[Cd(4bpyttz)(CDA)]·2DMF}n (MOF 1), constructed from a ligand with a rigidly fused thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TTZ) core, and [Cd(4bbpy)(CDA)]n (MOF 2), which incorporates a freely rotatable phenyl core (4bpyttz=2,5-bis(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, 4bbpy=1,4-bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzene, H2CDA=4,4′-carbonyldibenzoic acid). Photophysical and density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that the TTZ core localizes both the HOMO and LUMO on itself, thereby deactivating the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) pathway present in MOF 1. This core rigidification enforces ordered π…π stacking and suppresses non-radiative decay, leading to dramatically enhanced solid-state photoluminescence. Consequently, MOF 1 functions as a highly selective turn-off fluorescent sensor for nitrofuran antibiotics in aqueous media, achieving limits of detection of 1.59 μmol·L-1 for nitrofurazone (NZF) and 2.77 μmol·L-1 for nitrofurantoin (NFT). Mechanistic studies show that this rapid quenching is primarily governed by the inner filter effect (IFE) coupled with photoinduced electron transfer (PET).
To overcome the non-radiative energy dissipation that weakens the intrinsic emission of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a fluorophore functionalization strategy was applied to restrict intramolecular ligand motion and to enhance the photoluminescence. Two analogous frameworks were synthesized and systematically compared: {[Cd(4bpyttz)(CDA)]·2DMF}n (MOF 1), constructed from a ligand with a rigidly fused thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TTZ) core, and [Cd(4bbpy)(CDA)]n (MOF 2), which incorporates a freely rotatable phenyl core (4bpyttz=2,5-bis(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, 4bbpy=1,4-bis(pyridin-4-yl)benzene, H2CDA=4,4′-carbonyldibenzoic acid). Photophysical and density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that the TTZ core localizes both the HOMO and LUMO on itself, thereby deactivating the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) pathway present in MOF 1. This core rigidification enforces ordered π…π stacking and suppresses non-radiative decay, leading to dramatically enhanced solid-state photoluminescence. Consequently, MOF 1 functions as a highly selective turn-off fluorescent sensor for nitrofuran antibiotics in aqueous media, achieving limits of detection of 1.59 μmol·L-1 for nitrofurazone (NZF) and 2.77 μmol·L-1 for nitrofurantoin (NFT). Mechanistic studies show that this rapid quenching is primarily governed by the inner filter effect (IFE) coupled with photoinduced electron transfer (PET).
2026, 42(9): 1959-1973
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260015
Abstract:
We developed a facile in situ partial oxidation strategy to construct a MoS2-MoO3 heterojunction, which was employed as a modified layer on a commercial polypropylene (PP) separator. The constructed heterojunction catalyst promotes the complete reduction of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) via tandem catalysis, facilitating both liquid-liquid and liquid-solid conversion processes. The modified LSBs exhibited a high reversible capacity of 402.9 mAh·g-1 after 1 000 cycles at 1C, with an ultralow capacity decay rate of only 0.05% per cycle.
We developed a facile in situ partial oxidation strategy to construct a MoS2-MoO3 heterojunction, which was employed as a modified layer on a commercial polypropylene (PP) separator. The constructed heterojunction catalyst promotes the complete reduction of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) via tandem catalysis, facilitating both liquid-liquid and liquid-solid conversion processes. The modified LSBs exhibited a high reversible capacity of 402.9 mAh·g-1 after 1 000 cycles at 1C, with an ultralow capacity decay rate of only 0.05% per cycle.
2026, 42(9): 1974-1983
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260154
Abstract:
Two functionalized polyoxovanadate-organic polyhedra (VMOPs) were successfully constructed by directed assembly of an imidazolyl-functionalized ligand 4,4′,4″-(1H-imidazole-2,4,5-triyl)tribenzoic acid (H3ITTA) with two distinct 3-connected vanadate clusters: [V6ⅣO6(OCH3)9(SO4)(CO2)3]2- ({V6S}) afforded (TMA)8{[V6O6(OCH3)9(SO4)]4(ITTA)4}·17CH3OH·20DMF (TMA-VMOT-S-1) with a pristine cavity (TMA+=(CH3)4N+), while [V6ⅣO6(OCH3)9 (PyPO3)(CO2)3]2- ({V6P}) yielded (TMA)8{[V6O6(OCH3)9(PyPO3)]4(ITTA)4}·26CH3OH·8DMF (TMA-VMOT-P-1) containing a pyridn-4-ylposphonic acid (PyPO3H2) moiety embedded within the cavity. The two compounds were systematically characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analysis revealed that cavity functionalization causes a slight expansion of the cage architecture of TMA-VMOT-P-1, accompanied by a reduction in its effective cavity volume. Despite these structural differences, both VMOPs displayed similar iodine adsorption capacity and kinetics, attributable to the synergistic interplay between the cavity architecture and the embedded functional sites. This work establishes that both cavity dimensions and embedded functional groups are pivotal for iodine capture.
Two functionalized polyoxovanadate-organic polyhedra (VMOPs) were successfully constructed by directed assembly of an imidazolyl-functionalized ligand 4,4′,4″-(1H-imidazole-2,4,5-triyl)tribenzoic acid (H3ITTA) with two distinct 3-connected vanadate clusters: [V6ⅣO6(OCH3)9(SO4)(CO2)3]2- ({V6S}) afforded (TMA)8{[V6O6(OCH3)9(SO4)]4(ITTA)4}·17CH3OH·20DMF (TMA-VMOT-S-1) with a pristine cavity (TMA+=(CH3)4N+), while [V6ⅣO6(OCH3)9 (PyPO3)(CO2)3]2- ({V6P}) yielded (TMA)8{[V6O6(OCH3)9(PyPO3)]4(ITTA)4}·26CH3OH·8DMF (TMA-VMOT-P-1) containing a pyridn-4-ylposphonic acid (PyPO3H2) moiety embedded within the cavity. The two compounds were systematically characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analysis revealed that cavity functionalization causes a slight expansion of the cage architecture of TMA-VMOT-P-1, accompanied by a reduction in its effective cavity volume. Despite these structural differences, both VMOPs displayed similar iodine adsorption capacity and kinetics, attributable to the synergistic interplay between the cavity architecture and the embedded functional sites. This work establishes that both cavity dimensions and embedded functional groups are pivotal for iodine capture.
2026, 42(9): 1984-1996
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20250372
Abstract:
High entropy multicomponent metal sulfide (NiCoSnZnFeSx) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite (NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO) was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal reaction method. Its microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical lithium storage performance were characterized and investigated. It was found that NiCoSnZnFeSx nanoparticles exhibited the hybrid nanocrystalline structure and were well dispersed on the surface of rGO. As the conversion-type electrode material, NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO composite possessed multiple redox pairs for electrochemical lithium storage and could undergo lithiation/delithiation in sequence, which effectively mitigated volume changes of active material during charge/discharge cycles, thereby singnificantly enhancing the cyclic stability. The diversity and interaction of constituent elements in the high-entropy composite improved the electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion, which could enhance high-rate capability. Therefore, the NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO composite exhibited the excellent electrochemical lithium storage performance. It could deliver an initial reversible specific capacity as high as 1 230 mAh·g-1 at the current density of 0.1 A·g-1 and exhibited good high-rate capability of 869 mAh·g-1 at 2.0 A·g-1. After 900 cycles, it still maintained a reversible specific capacity of 996 mAh·g-1 at 1.0 A·g-1, demonstrating its stable long-cycle performance. The excellent electrochemical lithium storage performance of NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO is mainly due to that the diversity of its constituent elements and the synergistic effect of different metal sulfides significantly enhance the conversion reaction reversibility of electrochemical lithium storage and the cyclic stability.
High entropy multicomponent metal sulfide (NiCoSnZnFeSx) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite (NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO) was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal reaction method. Its microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical lithium storage performance were characterized and investigated. It was found that NiCoSnZnFeSx nanoparticles exhibited the hybrid nanocrystalline structure and were well dispersed on the surface of rGO. As the conversion-type electrode material, NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO composite possessed multiple redox pairs for electrochemical lithium storage and could undergo lithiation/delithiation in sequence, which effectively mitigated volume changes of active material during charge/discharge cycles, thereby singnificantly enhancing the cyclic stability. The diversity and interaction of constituent elements in the high-entropy composite improved the electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion, which could enhance high-rate capability. Therefore, the NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO composite exhibited the excellent electrochemical lithium storage performance. It could deliver an initial reversible specific capacity as high as 1 230 mAh·g-1 at the current density of 0.1 A·g-1 and exhibited good high-rate capability of 869 mAh·g-1 at 2.0 A·g-1. After 900 cycles, it still maintained a reversible specific capacity of 996 mAh·g-1 at 1.0 A·g-1, demonstrating its stable long-cycle performance. The excellent electrochemical lithium storage performance of NiCoSnZnFeSx-rGO is mainly due to that the diversity of its constituent elements and the synergistic effect of different metal sulfides significantly enhance the conversion reaction reversibility of electrochemical lithium storage and the cyclic stability.
2026, 42(9): 1997-2007
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260109
Abstract:
A series of triazine-based covalent organic frameworks with well-defined structures was decorated on the surfaces of Cu2O catalysts to systematically investigate the effect of the pore microenvironment of porous materials on CO2 mass-transfer behavior. Experimental results demonstrated that among the series of composite materials, a Cu2O-loaded fluorine-doped imine covalent triazine framework (Cu2O/F-Imine-CTF-2.5%) featuring both high hydrophobicity and large pore size exhibited the best performance, achieving a current density corresponding to the maximum Faradaic efficiency for ethylene (FEmax) up to 800 mA·cm-2, which was twice that of pristine Cu2O, accompanied by a significantly enhanced partial current density for ethylene. The findings indicate that in aqueous electrolyte environments, the enhancement of mass transfer in porous materials depends not only on their adsorption affinity for CO2, but also on their ability to repel water molecules via hydrophobicity and to reduce diffusion resistance through large pore channels.
A series of triazine-based covalent organic frameworks with well-defined structures was decorated on the surfaces of Cu2O catalysts to systematically investigate the effect of the pore microenvironment of porous materials on CO2 mass-transfer behavior. Experimental results demonstrated that among the series of composite materials, a Cu2O-loaded fluorine-doped imine covalent triazine framework (Cu2O/F-Imine-CTF-2.5%) featuring both high hydrophobicity and large pore size exhibited the best performance, achieving a current density corresponding to the maximum Faradaic efficiency for ethylene (FEmax) up to 800 mA·cm-2, which was twice that of pristine Cu2O, accompanied by a significantly enhanced partial current density for ethylene. The findings indicate that in aqueous electrolyte environments, the enhancement of mass transfer in porous materials depends not only on their adsorption affinity for CO2, but also on their ability to repel water molecules via hydrophobicity and to reduce diffusion resistance through large pore channels.
2026, 42(9): 2008-2020
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260050
Abstract:
B-SrTiO3 was obtained by B-doping SrTiO3 using the solid-phase synthesis method, followed by loading Rh, Cr, and Co co-catalysts (RCC) to produce the photocatalyst B-SrTiO3-RCC. The prepared catalyst achieved complete over-all water splitting under 375 nm illumination with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 82.06%. The hydrogen production rate reached 4.92 mmol·g-1·h-1 with excellent stability in a long-term cycle test for approximately 600 h. B-doping induced the structural change of SrTiO3 crystal from regular cube to truncated octahedron, leading to formation of more surface hydroxyl groups due to B-doping in Ti3+ defects, promoting the effective separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, and thereby effectively enhancing the photocatalytic water splitting activity.
B-SrTiO3 was obtained by B-doping SrTiO3 using the solid-phase synthesis method, followed by loading Rh, Cr, and Co co-catalysts (RCC) to produce the photocatalyst B-SrTiO3-RCC. The prepared catalyst achieved complete over-all water splitting under 375 nm illumination with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 82.06%. The hydrogen production rate reached 4.92 mmol·g-1·h-1 with excellent stability in a long-term cycle test for approximately 600 h. B-doping induced the structural change of SrTiO3 crystal from regular cube to truncated octahedron, leading to formation of more surface hydroxyl groups due to B-doping in Ti3+ defects, promoting the effective separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, and thereby effectively enhancing the photocatalytic water splitting activity.
2026, 42(9): 2021-2032
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260080
Abstract:
FeP and Fe2P active species with stable Fe—P structures were successfully constructed through a strong coordination strategy between phosphate groups in phytic acid and Fe3+. The synthesized N-doped porous carbon (NC) supported FeP and Fe2P catalyst (FeP/Fe2P-NC) maintained the carrier morphology of NC. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that P atoms optimized the electronic structure of the Fe sites through electron regulation, significantly enhancing the electrocatalytic performance. In a 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH electrolyte, the catalyst exhibited superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (half-wave potential E1/2=0.861 V), significantly outperforming the commercial Pt/C catalyst, along with excellent stability, methanol tolerance, and electrochemically active surface area. Additionally, its oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential and charge transfer resistance were lower than those of the control samples. When applied in a zinc-air battery, the catalyst demonstrated excellent open-circuit voltage, peak power density, and high specific capacity. It maintained stable charge-discharge performance during long-term cycling tests.
FeP and Fe2P active species with stable Fe—P structures were successfully constructed through a strong coordination strategy between phosphate groups in phytic acid and Fe3+. The synthesized N-doped porous carbon (NC) supported FeP and Fe2P catalyst (FeP/Fe2P-NC) maintained the carrier morphology of NC. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that P atoms optimized the electronic structure of the Fe sites through electron regulation, significantly enhancing the electrocatalytic performance. In a 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH electrolyte, the catalyst exhibited superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (half-wave potential E1/2=0.861 V), significantly outperforming the commercial Pt/C catalyst, along with excellent stability, methanol tolerance, and electrochemically active surface area. Additionally, its oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential and charge transfer resistance were lower than those of the control samples. When applied in a zinc-air battery, the catalyst demonstrated excellent open-circuit voltage, peak power density, and high specific capacity. It maintained stable charge-discharge performance during long-term cycling tests.
2026, 42(9): 2033-2040
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260111
Abstract:
The cathode material Mo-doped MnO2 (Mo-MnO2@CC) was prepared on carbon cloth (CC) by a one-step hydrothermal method. The effects of Mo doping on the lattice spacing of MnO2 and its implications for the insertion/exsertion of Zn2+ and the introduction of more active sites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so on. The electrochemical performance of the material was significantly improved. When assembled into a button cell with Mo-MnO2@CC as the cathode material, it achieved an initial discharge capacity of 517.7 mAh·g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g-1. After 3 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A·g-1, the capacity retention rate of Mo-MnO2@CC still was 77.9%, demonstrating that Mo doping can enhance the specific capacity and cycling stability of the electrode.
The cathode material Mo-doped MnO2 (Mo-MnO2@CC) was prepared on carbon cloth (CC) by a one-step hydrothermal method. The effects of Mo doping on the lattice spacing of MnO2 and its implications for the insertion/exsertion of Zn2+ and the introduction of more active sites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so on. The electrochemical performance of the material was significantly improved. When assembled into a button cell with Mo-MnO2@CC as the cathode material, it achieved an initial discharge capacity of 517.7 mAh·g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g-1. After 3 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A·g-1, the capacity retention rate of Mo-MnO2@CC still was 77.9%, demonstrating that Mo doping can enhance the specific capacity and cycling stability of the electrode.
2026, 42(9): 2041-2050
doi: 10.11862/CJIC.20260153
Abstract:
To improve the energy density and cycle stability of nickel-zinc (NiZn) batteries, the Y3+-doped Ni(OH)2(Ni1-xYx(OH)2, x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) was successfully prepared via a hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that with the increase of Y3+ doping amount, the crystal phase structure of Ni1-xYx(OH)2 gradually transformed from β phase to intermediate phase α-β (Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2), and finally to α phase (Ni0.80Y0.20(OH)2); Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that the morphology of the product transitioned from nanoparticles, nanoplates to agglomerated granules with varying doping levels. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed that Y3+ was successfully doped into Ni(OH)2 crystal lattice and maintained stable trivalence. Electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and long-term cycling tests confirm that Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2 delivered optimal electrochemical performance at a Y3+ doping ratio (molar ratio) of 7%. NiZn pouch cell was assembled using α-β intermediate phase-Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2 as the cathode and zinc foil as the anode. Electrochemical testing showed that it retained an energy density of 182.03 Wh·kg-1 and maintained Coulombic efficiency above 94% after 1 600 cycles, outperforming cells fabricated with undoped Ni(OH)2(β-Ni(OH)2) cathodes.
To improve the energy density and cycle stability of nickel-zinc (NiZn) batteries, the Y3+-doped Ni(OH)2(Ni1-xYx(OH)2, x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) was successfully prepared via a hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that with the increase of Y3+ doping amount, the crystal phase structure of Ni1-xYx(OH)2 gradually transformed from β phase to intermediate phase α-β (Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2), and finally to α phase (Ni0.80Y0.20(OH)2); Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that the morphology of the product transitioned from nanoparticles, nanoplates to agglomerated granules with varying doping levels. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed that Y3+ was successfully doped into Ni(OH)2 crystal lattice and maintained stable trivalence. Electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and long-term cycling tests confirm that Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2 delivered optimal electrochemical performance at a Y3+ doping ratio (molar ratio) of 7%. NiZn pouch cell was assembled using α-β intermediate phase-Ni0.93Y0.07(OH)2 as the cathode and zinc foil as the anode. Electrochemical testing showed that it retained an energy density of 182.03 Wh·kg-1 and maintained Coulombic efficiency above 94% after 1 600 cycles, outperforming cells fabricated with undoped Ni(OH)2(β-Ni(OH)2) cathodes.
