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2026 Volume 41 Issue 3
2026, 41(3): 1-9
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202602083
Abstract:
The significant role of establishing systematic requirements and operation norms for chemistry laboratory teaching in strengthening the implementation of National Standards of Higher Chemistry Education and Suggestions proposed by Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, Ministry of Education is revealed. The progress of chemistry laboratory teaching requirements and operation norms for chemistry-related majors is summarized with focus on systematic explanation of the construction ideas, systems, and objectives. The achievements in promoting the standardization, normalization, and characteristic development of chemistry laboratory teaching through related construction are illustrated. The significance of building systematic professional construction standards for the internationalization of Chinese standards and the construction of an educational superpower is clarified. The key tasks for the future, including strengthening the implementation of these standards, promoting digital and intelligent construction, and advancing the in-depth development of the “101 Plan” in chemistry is also discussed.
The significant role of establishing systematic requirements and operation norms for chemistry laboratory teaching in strengthening the implementation of National Standards of Higher Chemistry Education and Suggestions proposed by Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, Ministry of Education is revealed. The progress of chemistry laboratory teaching requirements and operation norms for chemistry-related majors is summarized with focus on systematic explanation of the construction ideas, systems, and objectives. The achievements in promoting the standardization, normalization, and characteristic development of chemistry laboratory teaching through related construction are illustrated. The significance of building systematic professional construction standards for the internationalization of Chinese standards and the construction of an educational superpower is clarified. The key tasks for the future, including strengthening the implementation of these standards, promoting digital and intelligent construction, and advancing the in-depth development of the “101 Plan” in chemistry is also discussed.
2026, 41(3): 10-22
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202602086
Abstract:
In order to implement the National Standards for Undergraduate Teaching Quality in Chemistry Majors and the relevant requirements proposed by the Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, the Ministry of Education, this suggestion is proposed. The aim of this suggestion is to promote the reform and construction of organic chemistry laboratory based on the idea of student-centeredness and outcome-based education, so as to enhance the innovation, high-level, and challenging nature of organic chemistry laboratory teaching. The teaching objectives and relevant teaching requirements for organic chemistry laboratory in chemistry-related majors are clarified. And the knowledge, ability, and quality objectives of organic chemistry laboratory are specified. It is of guiding significance for the reform and construction of organic chemistry laboratory.
In order to implement the National Standards for Undergraduate Teaching Quality in Chemistry Majors and the relevant requirements proposed by the Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, the Ministry of Education, this suggestion is proposed. The aim of this suggestion is to promote the reform and construction of organic chemistry laboratory based on the idea of student-centeredness and outcome-based education, so as to enhance the innovation, high-level, and challenging nature of organic chemistry laboratory teaching. The teaching objectives and relevant teaching requirements for organic chemistry laboratory in chemistry-related majors are clarified. And the knowledge, ability, and quality objectives of organic chemistry laboratory are specified. It is of guiding significance for the reform and construction of organic chemistry laboratory.
2026, 41(3): 23-30
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202603011
Abstract:
To implement the National Teaching Standard for Undergraduate Teaching Quality of Chemistry Majors and relevant requirements proposed by the Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, the Ministry of Education, suggestions on analytical chemistry laboratory teaching are proposed. The teaching goals, contents of the overall and definite analytical chemistry experiment and relevant teaching requirements are defined so as to promote the reform and construction of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) experiments. The knowledge, ability, and quality objectives of analytical chemistry experiments are specified. It is of guiding significance for the further reform and construction of analytical chemistry laboratory.
To implement the National Teaching Standard for Undergraduate Teaching Quality of Chemistry Majors and relevant requirements proposed by the Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, the Ministry of Education, suggestions on analytical chemistry laboratory teaching are proposed. The teaching goals, contents of the overall and definite analytical chemistry experiment and relevant teaching requirements are defined so as to promote the reform and construction of analytical chemistry (including instrumental analysis) experiments. The knowledge, ability, and quality objectives of analytical chemistry experiments are specified. It is of guiding significance for the further reform and construction of analytical chemistry laboratory.
2026, 41(3): 31-39
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202602078
Abstract:
In order to promote the full implementation of the National Standards for Undergraduate Teaching Quality of Chemistry Majors and the relevant requirements proposed by the Ministry of Education's Instructional Committee for Chemistry Majors, advance the teaching reform and development of the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory, implement the student-centered and outcome-based education philosophy, and enhance the innovativeness, advancement, and challenge level of the laboratory teaching, this suggestion clarifies the teaching objectives and related instructional requirements for the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory in chemistry-related majors. Based on some typical examples, the knowledge, skill, and competency goals of the experiment teaching are specified. This suggestion is intended to provide guidance for the future reform and development of the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory.
In order to promote the full implementation of the National Standards for Undergraduate Teaching Quality of Chemistry Majors and the relevant requirements proposed by the Ministry of Education's Instructional Committee for Chemistry Majors, advance the teaching reform and development of the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory, implement the student-centered and outcome-based education philosophy, and enhance the innovativeness, advancement, and challenge level of the laboratory teaching, this suggestion clarifies the teaching objectives and related instructional requirements for the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory in chemistry-related majors. Based on some typical examples, the knowledge, skill, and competency goals of the experiment teaching are specified. This suggestion is intended to provide guidance for the future reform and development of the Chemical Engineering Principles Laboratory.
2026, 41(3): 40-49
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202601024
Abstract:
The teaching objectives of fundamental chemistry experiment with focus on the teaching of factual, conceptual, skill-based, and methodological knowledge are theoretically defined. The learning and training of fundamental experimental concepts, principles and skills so as to promote students' comprehensive experimental operation capabilities are emphasized by the reinforcing methodological knowledge instruction. Furthermore, the cultivation of normalized and rigorous experimental habits, realistic and pragmatic scientific attitude, and perseverance as the core content of the ideological and political education are suggested. Accordingly, the approaches, methods, and suggestions for effectiveness assessment of integrating ideological and political education into fundamental chemistry experiment are established. This work offers a valuable reference for enhancing fundamental chemistry experiment teaching, improving teaching quality, and boosting talent cultivation capacity.
The teaching objectives of fundamental chemistry experiment with focus on the teaching of factual, conceptual, skill-based, and methodological knowledge are theoretically defined. The learning and training of fundamental experimental concepts, principles and skills so as to promote students' comprehensive experimental operation capabilities are emphasized by the reinforcing methodological knowledge instruction. Furthermore, the cultivation of normalized and rigorous experimental habits, realistic and pragmatic scientific attitude, and perseverance as the core content of the ideological and political education are suggested. Accordingly, the approaches, methods, and suggestions for effectiveness assessment of integrating ideological and political education into fundamental chemistry experiment are established. This work offers a valuable reference for enhancing fundamental chemistry experiment teaching, improving teaching quality, and boosting talent cultivation capacity.
2026, 41(3): 50-57
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202512115
Abstract:
Practicum courses are a vital component of practical teaching in chemistry majors. Due to its direct confrontation with real-world production, it is not only an important course for cultivating students' integration of theory and practice and engineering literacy, but also a natural carrier for carrying out ideological and political education such as patriotism, mission responsibility, craftsmanship spirit, professional ideals, and professional ethics. Taking the professional practice course as an example, the goals and requirements of ideology and politics education are clarified, and suggestions on designing, implementing, and assessment of its teaching content are provided. It is of certain reference value for promoting the ideological and political teaching reform of professional practice course for chemistry majors.
Practicum courses are a vital component of practical teaching in chemistry majors. Due to its direct confrontation with real-world production, it is not only an important course for cultivating students' integration of theory and practice and engineering literacy, but also a natural carrier for carrying out ideological and political education such as patriotism, mission responsibility, craftsmanship spirit, professional ideals, and professional ethics. Taking the professional practice course as an example, the goals and requirements of ideology and politics education are clarified, and suggestions on designing, implementing, and assessment of its teaching content are provided. It is of certain reference value for promoting the ideological and political teaching reform of professional practice course for chemistry majors.
2026, 41(3): 58-66
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202603014
Abstract:
Based on the strategic development requirements of digital-intelligent education in the new era, combined with the core function of practical education in chemistry discipline, this paper addresses the existing problems in the construction of chemistry laboratories in current institutions of higher education, such as scattered digital-intelligent resources, insufficient integration of virtual and real experiments, low management efficiency, and weak safety control. It clarifies the core objectives and positioning of the digital-intelligent construction of chemistry laboratories, and puts forward systematic construction suggestions and implementation plans from the aspects of digital-intelligent teaching resource construction, intelligent equipment upgrading, AI-enabled safety and teaching management, construction implementation paths, and effectiveness assessment. A digital-intelligent construction system for chemistry laboratories characterized by “co-construction of resources, open sharing of achievements, integration of online and offline, combination of virtual and real, intelligent empowerment, and innovation and entrepreneurship practice education” has been constructed, which provides theoretical reference and practical basis for the digital-intelligent transformation and upgrading of chemistry laboratories in universities across the country, as well as the improvement of experimental teaching quality and talent training capacity.
Based on the strategic development requirements of digital-intelligent education in the new era, combined with the core function of practical education in chemistry discipline, this paper addresses the existing problems in the construction of chemistry laboratories in current institutions of higher education, such as scattered digital-intelligent resources, insufficient integration of virtual and real experiments, low management efficiency, and weak safety control. It clarifies the core objectives and positioning of the digital-intelligent construction of chemistry laboratories, and puts forward systematic construction suggestions and implementation plans from the aspects of digital-intelligent teaching resource construction, intelligent equipment upgrading, AI-enabled safety and teaching management, construction implementation paths, and effectiveness assessment. A digital-intelligent construction system for chemistry laboratories characterized by “co-construction of resources, open sharing of achievements, integration of online and offline, combination of virtual and real, intelligent empowerment, and innovation and entrepreneurship practice education” has been constructed, which provides theoretical reference and practical basis for the digital-intelligent transformation and upgrading of chemistry laboratories in universities across the country, as well as the improvement of experimental teaching quality and talent training capacity.
2026, 41(3): 67-76
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507040
Abstract:
Thousands of chemical reagents are used in the laboratory. It is important for laboratory workers to obtain the necessary information of chemical reagents and know well how to handle and dispose them. This article first outlines chemical reagent specifications along with general storage and management requirements. It then provides operating procedures and safety precautions for commonly used chemical reagents based on teaching practices. The article aims to provide practical reference for educators and students engaged in experimental teaching and scientific research.
Thousands of chemical reagents are used in the laboratory. It is important for laboratory workers to obtain the necessary information of chemical reagents and know well how to handle and dispose them. This article first outlines chemical reagent specifications along with general storage and management requirements. It then provides operating procedures and safety precautions for commonly used chemical reagents based on teaching practices. The article aims to provide practical reference for educators and students engaged in experimental teaching and scientific research.
2026, 41(3): 77-86
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507036
Abstract:
The proper selection and use of laboratory water are fundamental to chemical experiments. Choosing the appropriate grade of laboratory water based on the specific requirements of different experiments is essential for ensuring the accuracy of data and the reliability of experimental results. However, the current terminology for laboratory water is extensive, encompassing not only tap water but also distilled water, deionized water, purified water, and ultrapure water, which poses certain confusion for users. To address this issue, this article systematically reviews the types, purification methods, and specifications of laboratory water, as well as water purity testing and the operational guidance for conductivity meters. Additionally, it provides detailed suggestions on the storage and usage of laboratory water. The aim of this article is to serve as a reference for laboratory teaching and research in universities, helping laboratory personnel scientifically select and use laboratory water to ensure a smooth experimental process.
The proper selection and use of laboratory water are fundamental to chemical experiments. Choosing the appropriate grade of laboratory water based on the specific requirements of different experiments is essential for ensuring the accuracy of data and the reliability of experimental results. However, the current terminology for laboratory water is extensive, encompassing not only tap water but also distilled water, deionized water, purified water, and ultrapure water, which poses certain confusion for users. To address this issue, this article systematically reviews the types, purification methods, and specifications of laboratory water, as well as water purity testing and the operational guidance for conductivity meters. Additionally, it provides detailed suggestions on the storage and usage of laboratory water. The aim of this article is to serve as a reference for laboratory teaching and research in universities, helping laboratory personnel scientifically select and use laboratory water to ensure a smooth experimental process.
2026, 41(3): 87-98
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507044
Abstract:
Laboratory apparatus are essential tools in chemistry experiments. The appropriate selection of laboratory apparatus, along with their cleanliness and dryness, plays a critical role in ensuring experimental safety, enhancing operational efficiency, and improving the repeatability and accuracy of experimental results. A clear understanding of, and proficiency in, the cleaning and drying of laboratory apparatus are fundamental experimental skills that students majoring in chemistry must develop. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, cleaning and drying of common laboratory apparatus, offers some related standard operating procedures and emphasizes some relevant precautions.
Laboratory apparatus are essential tools in chemistry experiments. The appropriate selection of laboratory apparatus, along with their cleanliness and dryness, plays a critical role in ensuring experimental safety, enhancing operational efficiency, and improving the repeatability and accuracy of experimental results. A clear understanding of, and proficiency in, the cleaning and drying of laboratory apparatus are fundamental experimental skills that students majoring in chemistry must develop. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the classification, cleaning and drying of common laboratory apparatus, offers some related standard operating procedures and emphasizes some relevant precautions.
2026, 41(3): 99-109
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507038
Abstract:
Gas preparation and application are important components of basic chemical experiments, which contains rich chemical experimental knowledge, basic operational skills, scientific thinking and literacy such as chemical principles understanding, device construction, condition optimization, airtightness testing, impurity removal, drying, waste gas disposal, safety risk assessment, and so on. This article focuses on the preparation and purifying of laboratory gases, and proposes standardized operational suggestions for each stage of gas preparation process, thus providing operation suggestions for basic chemistry experimental teaching and practice in middle schools and universities.
Gas preparation and application are important components of basic chemical experiments, which contains rich chemical experimental knowledge, basic operational skills, scientific thinking and literacy such as chemical principles understanding, device construction, condition optimization, airtightness testing, impurity removal, drying, waste gas disposal, safety risk assessment, and so on. This article focuses on the preparation and purifying of laboratory gases, and proposes standardized operational suggestions for each stage of gas preparation process, thus providing operation suggestions for basic chemistry experimental teaching and practice in middle schools and universities.
2026, 41(3): 110-121
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507033
Abstract:
Drying is a high-frequency fundamental operation in chemical experiments. Mastering the principles of drying chemical substances, selecting appropriate drying methods based on different substances’ characteristics and drying requirements, and performing drying operations correctly and standardly are essential basic knowledge and experimental skills that undergraduate students in chemistry and related fields must acquire. This article introduces the types, properties, and applicable ranges of commonly used desiccants in laboratories, the frequently-used drying methods and drying principles for chemical substances in different states, as well as the usage of common drying equipment including glass dryers, air-blast drying ovens, vacuum drying ovens, and freeze dryers. It also provides corresponding operational suggestions, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic peers in experimental teaching and scientific research practices.
Drying is a high-frequency fundamental operation in chemical experiments. Mastering the principles of drying chemical substances, selecting appropriate drying methods based on different substances’ characteristics and drying requirements, and performing drying operations correctly and standardly are essential basic knowledge and experimental skills that undergraduate students in chemistry and related fields must acquire. This article introduces the types, properties, and applicable ranges of commonly used desiccants in laboratories, the frequently-used drying methods and drying principles for chemical substances in different states, as well as the usage of common drying equipment including glass dryers, air-blast drying ovens, vacuum drying ovens, and freeze dryers. It also provides corresponding operational suggestions, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic peers in experimental teaching and scientific research practices.
2026, 41(3): 122-129
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507037
Abstract:
Solid-liquid separation is a fundamental operation in chemical synthesis, separation, and purification processes. Common methods for this purpose include decantation, centrifugation and filtration, with their selection criteria primarily based on solid particle size, solid content and liquid viscosity. This paper systematically elucidates the principles and applicability of sedimentation-based techniques, specifically decantation and centrifugation. It further details operational protocols and essential safety precautions associated with these methods, while establishing standardized procedures for these techniques. The work ultimately aims to serve as a practical reference for laboratory teaching practices.
Solid-liquid separation is a fundamental operation in chemical synthesis, separation, and purification processes. Common methods for this purpose include decantation, centrifugation and filtration, with their selection criteria primarily based on solid particle size, solid content and liquid viscosity. This paper systematically elucidates the principles and applicability of sedimentation-based techniques, specifically decantation and centrifugation. It further details operational protocols and essential safety precautions associated with these methods, while establishing standardized procedures for these techniques. The work ultimately aims to serve as a practical reference for laboratory teaching practices.
2026, 41(3): 130-142
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507042
Abstract:
Solid-liquid separation is a fundamental operation in chemical synthesis, separation, and purification processes. Common methods for this purpose include decantation, centrifugation, and filtration, with their selection criteria primarily based on solid particle size, solid content, and liquid viscosity. Focusing specifically on filtration techniques, this paper systematically introduces the principles and applicability of gravity filtration and vacuum filtration, details operational procedures and essential safety precautions, and establishes standardized protocols for these techniques. The work ultimately aims to serve as a practical reference for laboratory teaching practices.
Solid-liquid separation is a fundamental operation in chemical synthesis, separation, and purification processes. Common methods for this purpose include decantation, centrifugation, and filtration, with their selection criteria primarily based on solid particle size, solid content, and liquid viscosity. Focusing specifically on filtration techniques, this paper systematically introduces the principles and applicability of gravity filtration and vacuum filtration, details operational procedures and essential safety precautions, and establishes standardized protocols for these techniques. The work ultimately aims to serve as a practical reference for laboratory teaching practices.
2026, 41(3): 143-153
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507041
Abstract:
Heating is one of the most fundamental operations in chemical experiments. Proficiency in using various heating tools and controlling temperature is an essential experimental skill that undergraduate students majoring in chemistry must master. This manual provides fundamental operational guidelines and standardized recommendations for various heating tools and methods, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic educators and researchers in conducting experimental teaching and scientific practices. Alcohol lamps and alcohol blast burners are critical traditional heating tools in laboratories, and their standardized operation directly impacts experimental safety and success. Based on teaching and research experience, this article systematically elaborates on the structural principles, operational procedures, safety risks, and emergency protocols for alcohol lamps and blast burners, with a focus on standardizing key steps such as ignition, flame adjustment, heating, and flame extinguishing. By integrating teaching cases, it clarifies common misuse practices and improvement strategies in instrument utilization, ultimately aiming to enhance experimental safety and promote standardized pedagogical practices.
Heating is one of the most fundamental operations in chemical experiments. Proficiency in using various heating tools and controlling temperature is an essential experimental skill that undergraduate students majoring in chemistry must master. This manual provides fundamental operational guidelines and standardized recommendations for various heating tools and methods, aiming to serve as a reference for domestic educators and researchers in conducting experimental teaching and scientific practices. Alcohol lamps and alcohol blast burners are critical traditional heating tools in laboratories, and their standardized operation directly impacts experimental safety and success. Based on teaching and research experience, this article systematically elaborates on the structural principles, operational procedures, safety risks, and emergency protocols for alcohol lamps and blast burners, with a focus on standardizing key steps such as ignition, flame adjustment, heating, and flame extinguishing. By integrating teaching cases, it clarifies common misuse practices and improvement strategies in instrument utilization, ultimately aiming to enhance experimental safety and promote standardized pedagogical practices.
2026, 41(3): 154-162
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507035
Abstract:
Heating is one of the most common and fundamental operations in chemical experiments. It is not only used for basic procedures such as dissolution, evaporation, drying, sterilization, and disinfection but also serves to accelerate reaction rates, promote chemical equilibrium shifts or phase transitions (e.g., sublimation), and regulate reaction conditions (e.g., temperature-dependent synthesis) or achieve separation and purification (e.g., distillation). With diverse heating methods (mainly including direct heating and indirect heating) and a wide variety of heating instruments, the ability to scientifically select appropriate heating methods and equipment based on specific experimental conditions, heating objects, purposes, scenarios, and requirements, and to operate them properly, is a basic quality for laboratory personnel. This proficiency is critical for ensuring safe, efficient experiments and obtaining scientifically valid results and reliable data. This article focuses on direct heating and the correct usage and precautions for common electrically powered laboratory heating devices, including electric furnace, electric heating plates, electric ceramic hot plates, electromagnetic heating stirrers and electric heating mantles. It aims to provide suggestions for students, instructors, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.
Heating is one of the most common and fundamental operations in chemical experiments. It is not only used for basic procedures such as dissolution, evaporation, drying, sterilization, and disinfection but also serves to accelerate reaction rates, promote chemical equilibrium shifts or phase transitions (e.g., sublimation), and regulate reaction conditions (e.g., temperature-dependent synthesis) or achieve separation and purification (e.g., distillation). With diverse heating methods (mainly including direct heating and indirect heating) and a wide variety of heating instruments, the ability to scientifically select appropriate heating methods and equipment based on specific experimental conditions, heating objects, purposes, scenarios, and requirements, and to operate them properly, is a basic quality for laboratory personnel. This proficiency is critical for ensuring safe, efficient experiments and obtaining scientifically valid results and reliable data. This article focuses on direct heating and the correct usage and precautions for common electrically powered laboratory heating devices, including electric furnace, electric heating plates, electric ceramic hot plates, electromagnetic heating stirrers and electric heating mantles. It aims to provide suggestions for students, instructors, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.
2026, 41(3): 163-171
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507039
Abstract:
In chemical experiments, heating serves as a fundamental method to regulate reaction rates, achieve substance transformation, and facilitate separation and purification. It is widely applied in chemical synthesis, sample processing, material processing, and other procedures. As an essential heating approach, indirect heating also requires rational selection and standardized operation based on experimental requirements and safety considerations. This article focuses on the proper use and precautions for indirect heating and common thermal baths (water bath, oil bath, metal bath, sand bath) in laboratories, aiming to provide suggestions for students, teachers, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.
In chemical experiments, heating serves as a fundamental method to regulate reaction rates, achieve substance transformation, and facilitate separation and purification. It is widely applied in chemical synthesis, sample processing, material processing, and other procedures. As an essential heating approach, indirect heating also requires rational selection and standardized operation based on experimental requirements and safety considerations. This article focuses on the proper use and precautions for indirect heating and common thermal baths (water bath, oil bath, metal bath, sand bath) in laboratories, aiming to provide suggestions for students, teachers, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.
2026, 41(3): 172-181
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507043
Abstract:
Heating is a fundamental and ubiquitous operation in chemical laboratory practices. This article systematically outlines the proper utilization protocols and safety precautions for three key microwave-based heating devices: microwave ovens, microwave reactors, and microwave digestion instruments. The content is designed to serve as a practical reference for students, educators, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and scientific investigation.
Heating is a fundamental and ubiquitous operation in chemical laboratory practices. This article systematically outlines the proper utilization protocols and safety precautions for three key microwave-based heating devices: microwave ovens, microwave reactors, and microwave digestion instruments. The content is designed to serve as a practical reference for students, educators, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and scientific investigation.
2026, 41(3): 182-190
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507046
Abstract:
High-temperature solid-state synthesis is an important method for preparing inorganic materials, while the standardized operation of high-temperature furnaces, such as muffle furnaces and tube furnaces, directly affects experimental safety, efficiency and the reliability of results. This article introduces the characteristics of high-temperature solid-state synthesis, along with the detailed operation standards for muffle furnaces and tube furnaces. We aim to provide a reference for relevant experimental teaching and research, assisting laboratory personnel in conducting high-temperature heating experiments safely and efficiently, and improving process controllability, data accuracy and equipment service life.
High-temperature solid-state synthesis is an important method for preparing inorganic materials, while the standardized operation of high-temperature furnaces, such as muffle furnaces and tube furnaces, directly affects experimental safety, efficiency and the reliability of results. This article introduces the characteristics of high-temperature solid-state synthesis, along with the detailed operation standards for muffle furnaces and tube furnaces. We aim to provide a reference for relevant experimental teaching and research, assisting laboratory personnel in conducting high-temperature heating experiments safely and efficiently, and improving process controllability, data accuracy and equipment service life.
2026, 41(3): 191-199
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507045
Abstract:
Dissolution, crystallization and crystal cultivation are fundamental operations in the experiments of solution preparation, chemical synthesis, separation and purification. These are essential techniques for students in chemistry-related majors. This paper introduces the methods of these operations, outlines the related operation standards, and emphasizes the key precautions based on some practical cases.
Dissolution, crystallization and crystal cultivation are fundamental operations in the experiments of solution preparation, chemical synthesis, separation and purification. These are essential techniques for students in chemistry-related majors. This paper introduces the methods of these operations, outlines the related operation standards, and emphasizes the key precautions based on some practical cases.
2026, 41(3): 200-207
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507116
Abstract:
Spectrophotometry is a spectroscopic analytical method based on the selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation of ultraviolet, visible, and other electromagnetic radiation by substances, used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is characterized by operational simplicity, high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and wide applicability. The spectrophotometer is the instrument used to perform this method, and its proper operation is an essential experimental skill for students majoring in chemistry and related disciplines. This article mainly introduces the fundamental principles of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry (commonly referred to simply as spectrophotometry) and the operation of spectrophotometer, and provides suggestions on operating specifications.
Spectrophotometry is a spectroscopic analytical method based on the selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation of ultraviolet, visible, and other electromagnetic radiation by substances, used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is characterized by operational simplicity, high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and wide applicability. The spectrophotometer is the instrument used to perform this method, and its proper operation is an essential experimental skill for students majoring in chemistry and related disciplines. This article mainly introduces the fundamental principles of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry (commonly referred to simply as spectrophotometry) and the operation of spectrophotometer, and provides suggestions on operating specifications.
2026, 41(3): 208-215
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507034
Abstract:
Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis are crucial synthetic techniques, holding particular significance in crystal synthesis and nanomaterial preparation. Conducting hydrothermal-solvothermal synthesis in a standardized manner can enhance the success rate of chemical synthesis, reduce the waste of reagents, prolong the service life of equipment, and lower the risk of accidents. This article mainly introduces the most commonly used external heating autoclave in laboratories, the principles and applicable objects of hydrothermal reactions below 260 °C, as well as the basic operation points and precautions. It also proposes basic operation norms for hydrothermal synthesis to provide a reference for colleagues conducting experimental teaching.
Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis are crucial synthetic techniques, holding particular significance in crystal synthesis and nanomaterial preparation. Conducting hydrothermal-solvothermal synthesis in a standardized manner can enhance the success rate of chemical synthesis, reduce the waste of reagents, prolong the service life of equipment, and lower the risk of accidents. This article mainly introduces the most commonly used external heating autoclave in laboratories, the principles and applicable objects of hydrothermal reactions below 260 °C, as well as the basic operation points and precautions. It also proposes basic operation norms for hydrothermal synthesis to provide a reference for colleagues conducting experimental teaching.
2026, 41(3): 216-220
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202510068
Abstract:
To address the prevalent issue in analytical chemistry laboratory instruction that overemphasizes result compliance while neglecting procedural standardization, our teaching team implemented a teaching practice incorporating standardization principles into the curriculum. At the content level, we developed unified teaching protocols specifying key concepts, instructional logic, and operational standards. The practical implementation features an immersive “virtual simulation + student self-assessment” hybrid model, effectively transitioning students from passive imitation to active standardization compliance. Pre-laboratory pilot studies were conducted to mitigate potential instructional risks, accompanied by established evaluation metrics. Our assessment framework emphasizes process-oriented evaluation, with detailed scoring rubrics for both operational procedures and data quality to reinforce standardization throughout the experimental workflow. This pedagogical practice has demonstrated significant improvements in students' operational standardization and data reliability, while enhancing overall instructional quality in analytical chemistry laboratories, offering valuable insights for experimental course reform.
To address the prevalent issue in analytical chemistry laboratory instruction that overemphasizes result compliance while neglecting procedural standardization, our teaching team implemented a teaching practice incorporating standardization principles into the curriculum. At the content level, we developed unified teaching protocols specifying key concepts, instructional logic, and operational standards. The practical implementation features an immersive “virtual simulation + student self-assessment” hybrid model, effectively transitioning students from passive imitation to active standardization compliance. Pre-laboratory pilot studies were conducted to mitigate potential instructional risks, accompanied by established evaluation metrics. Our assessment framework emphasizes process-oriented evaluation, with detailed scoring rubrics for both operational procedures and data quality to reinforce standardization throughout the experimental workflow. This pedagogical practice has demonstrated significant improvements in students' operational standardization and data reliability, while enhancing overall instructional quality in analytical chemistry laboratories, offering valuable insights for experimental course reform.
2026, 41(3): 221-226
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202602028
Abstract:
Modern Instrumental Analysis Experiment is a core course designed for graduate students in chemistry and related fields to cultivate scientific thinking and advanced experimental skills. The quality of its instruction directly affects the reliability of students' research data and the development of their professional competence. To address current teaching issues such as inadequate normative awareness, lack of data traceability, and insufficient standardization in practice, this paper proposes a reform approach that fully integrates the philosophy of qualification certification into teaching practice, based on the experience of the Certified Laboratories at Nankai University. To address this, we introduced a reform package featuring several interconnected measures: the compilation of standardized teaching materials, the comprehensive integration of the six essential certification elements (personnel, equipment, materials, methods, environment, and measurement), the establishment of a three-level traceability mechanism covering all experimental phases, and a tripartite evaluation system centered on norm awareness, operational skill, and data quality. These initiatives collectively enhance students' standard awareness and compliance literacy, presenting a replicable model for advancing standardization in chemical experiment instruction.
Modern Instrumental Analysis Experiment is a core course designed for graduate students in chemistry and related fields to cultivate scientific thinking and advanced experimental skills. The quality of its instruction directly affects the reliability of students' research data and the development of their professional competence. To address current teaching issues such as inadequate normative awareness, lack of data traceability, and insufficient standardization in practice, this paper proposes a reform approach that fully integrates the philosophy of qualification certification into teaching practice, based on the experience of the Certified Laboratories at Nankai University. To address this, we introduced a reform package featuring several interconnected measures: the compilation of standardized teaching materials, the comprehensive integration of the six essential certification elements (personnel, equipment, materials, methods, environment, and measurement), the establishment of a three-level traceability mechanism covering all experimental phases, and a tripartite evaluation system centered on norm awareness, operational skill, and data quality. These initiatives collectively enhance students' standard awareness and compliance literacy, presenting a replicable model for advancing standardization in chemical experiment instruction.
2026, 41(3): 227-232
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202511022
Abstract:
Hypothesis testing serves as a fundamental component in analytical chemistry education for developing students' data processing skills and statistical reasoning. However, current textbooks predominantly emphasize independent two-sample t-tests while providing inadequate systematic coverage of paired t-tests. This pedagogical gap often leads to students' inappropriate application of statistical methods when analyzing grouped data, ultimately affecting their judgment of analytical result reliability. Using the classic environmental analysis case of comparing chloride concentrations between surface and bottom lake water, this study systematically contrasts the principles, application conditions, and computational procedures of independent versus paired t-tests. By clarifying their fundamental statistical differences and selection criteria, we aim to address this common deficiency in teaching materials. The case study facilitates students' accurate understanding and proper differentiation of these test applications while strengthening their scientific decision-making skills. This teaching resource can be effectively incorporated into classroom instruction, supplementary materials, or laboratory preparation to support subsequent specialized study and research training.
Hypothesis testing serves as a fundamental component in analytical chemistry education for developing students' data processing skills and statistical reasoning. However, current textbooks predominantly emphasize independent two-sample t-tests while providing inadequate systematic coverage of paired t-tests. This pedagogical gap often leads to students' inappropriate application of statistical methods when analyzing grouped data, ultimately affecting their judgment of analytical result reliability. Using the classic environmental analysis case of comparing chloride concentrations between surface and bottom lake water, this study systematically contrasts the principles, application conditions, and computational procedures of independent versus paired t-tests. By clarifying their fundamental statistical differences and selection criteria, we aim to address this common deficiency in teaching materials. The case study facilitates students' accurate understanding and proper differentiation of these test applications while strengthening their scientific decision-making skills. This teaching resource can be effectively incorporated into classroom instruction, supplementary materials, or laboratory preparation to support subsequent specialized study and research training.
2026, 41(3): 233-241
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504019
Abstract:
The contents of Chemical Reaction Engineering courses are characterized by strong logicality, a high degree of specialization, and abstract theoretical knowledge, which presents certain challenges when integrating with ideological and political elements that cover philosophy, politics, society, and ethics. Based on the principles of OBE (Outcome-Based Education) and engineering education, as well as the requirements for first-class undergraduate curriculum construction, the teaching team deeply explores the ideological and political elements embedded in the curriculum during the process of knowledge impartation. The stories of great scientists' hard work and self-reliance in science and technology, along with the engineering case analysis and practice in real production lines, combining with the study and sharing of cutting-edge scientific literature, are incorporated into the entire process of education and teaching. This approach explores a new path of learning-thinking-practicing-reflecting to integrate ideological and political education into the curriculum. The ideological and political teaching goal can be subtly achieved, as well as the effectiveness of curriculum-based education of the course is simultaneously enhanced. The results show that the ideological and political teaching goal has increased, and the reform and practice effectively stimulate students' professional learning interests and foster their sense of mission to engage in the chemistry and chemical engineering industry in the Bay Area.
The contents of Chemical Reaction Engineering courses are characterized by strong logicality, a high degree of specialization, and abstract theoretical knowledge, which presents certain challenges when integrating with ideological and political elements that cover philosophy, politics, society, and ethics. Based on the principles of OBE (Outcome-Based Education) and engineering education, as well as the requirements for first-class undergraduate curriculum construction, the teaching team deeply explores the ideological and political elements embedded in the curriculum during the process of knowledge impartation. The stories of great scientists' hard work and self-reliance in science and technology, along with the engineering case analysis and practice in real production lines, combining with the study and sharing of cutting-edge scientific literature, are incorporated into the entire process of education and teaching. This approach explores a new path of learning-thinking-practicing-reflecting to integrate ideological and political education into the curriculum. The ideological and political teaching goal can be subtly achieved, as well as the effectiveness of curriculum-based education of the course is simultaneously enhanced. The results show that the ideological and political teaching goal has increased, and the reform and practice effectively stimulate students' professional learning interests and foster their sense of mission to engage in the chemistry and chemical engineering industry in the Bay Area.
2026, 41(3): 242-247
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504003
Abstract:
Aiming at the synergistic requirements of energy development and carbon emission reduction under the “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals”, and addressing the “theory-dominated, application-neglected” issue in traditional phase diagram instruction within physical chemistry curricula, this study establishes a tripartite pedagogical framework integrating “theoretical knowledge - technological application - ideological education” based on the national strategic demand for “natural gas hydrate exploitation with CO2 sequestration”. Through analytical comparison of phase equilibrium curves between CO2/CH4 hydrates and CO2 gas-liquid systems, this work elucidates the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms underlying CO2 replacement-based hydrate extraction and carbon sequestration technologies. By horizontally evaluating current hydrate exploitation techniques and tracking cutting-edge scientific advancements, students are guided to explore ideological topics such as the geopolitical implications of carbon sequestration technologies. The proposed approach pioneers the deep integration of phase diagram theory with national strategic objectives, enhancing students' engineering cognition of multiphase equilibrium principles while cultivating innovative thinking and social responsibility in energy transition. This pedagogical innovation provides a reference pathway for chemical engineering curriculum reform under the “New Engineering Education” initiative.
Aiming at the synergistic requirements of energy development and carbon emission reduction under the “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals”, and addressing the “theory-dominated, application-neglected” issue in traditional phase diagram instruction within physical chemistry curricula, this study establishes a tripartite pedagogical framework integrating “theoretical knowledge - technological application - ideological education” based on the national strategic demand for “natural gas hydrate exploitation with CO2 sequestration”. Through analytical comparison of phase equilibrium curves between CO2/CH4 hydrates and CO2 gas-liquid systems, this work elucidates the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms underlying CO2 replacement-based hydrate extraction and carbon sequestration technologies. By horizontally evaluating current hydrate exploitation techniques and tracking cutting-edge scientific advancements, students are guided to explore ideological topics such as the geopolitical implications of carbon sequestration technologies. The proposed approach pioneers the deep integration of phase diagram theory with national strategic objectives, enhancing students' engineering cognition of multiphase equilibrium principles while cultivating innovative thinking and social responsibility in energy transition. This pedagogical innovation provides a reference pathway for chemical engineering curriculum reform under the “New Engineering Education” initiative.
2026, 41(3): 248-253
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504011
Abstract:
As a core fundamental course in chemistry, physical chemistry plays a vital role in realizing the “Dual Carbon” goals through its theories and methodologies. This study proposes integrating the “Dual Carbon” concept deeply into physical chemistry teaching reforms. Through integrating ideological and political education elements, refining “Dual Carbon”-related teaching content and introducing scientific research, students are guided to analyze and solve key scientific problems in the “Dual Carbon” field from a physical chemistry perspective. It would cultivate students' scientific research thinking and innovative abilities.
As a core fundamental course in chemistry, physical chemistry plays a vital role in realizing the “Dual Carbon” goals through its theories and methodologies. This study proposes integrating the “Dual Carbon” concept deeply into physical chemistry teaching reforms. Through integrating ideological and political education elements, refining “Dual Carbon”-related teaching content and introducing scientific research, students are guided to analyze and solve key scientific problems in the “Dual Carbon” field from a physical chemistry perspective. It would cultivate students' scientific research thinking and innovative abilities.
2026, 41(3): 254-261
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505003
Abstract:
As a compulsory course for chemistry majors in universities, inorganic chemistry is of great significance in cultivating students' ideological and moral quality and proper values. Integrating ideological and political elements into inorganic chemistry courses is an important direction for teaching reform. However, the ideological and political construction of traditional inorganic chemistry courses still has some shortcomings and cannot meet the individual development needs of students. With the continuous improvement of educational technology, artificial intelligence is gradually infiltrating various fields of higher education and bringing innovation to the traditional teaching mode. Artificial intelligence solves the above problems by providing personalized learning paths, evaluating students' performance in real time, and giving targeted feedback and teaching. By analyzing the specific application of artificial intelligence technology in the ideological and political construction of inorganic chemistry courses, this article proposes practical strategies for the ideological and political construction in inorganic chemistry courses, which will promote the modernization and intelligent development of the ideological and political construction of inorganic chemistry.
As a compulsory course for chemistry majors in universities, inorganic chemistry is of great significance in cultivating students' ideological and moral quality and proper values. Integrating ideological and political elements into inorganic chemistry courses is an important direction for teaching reform. However, the ideological and political construction of traditional inorganic chemistry courses still has some shortcomings and cannot meet the individual development needs of students. With the continuous improvement of educational technology, artificial intelligence is gradually infiltrating various fields of higher education and bringing innovation to the traditional teaching mode. Artificial intelligence solves the above problems by providing personalized learning paths, evaluating students' performance in real time, and giving targeted feedback and teaching. By analyzing the specific application of artificial intelligence technology in the ideological and political construction of inorganic chemistry courses, this article proposes practical strategies for the ideological and political construction in inorganic chemistry courses, which will promote the modernization and intelligent development of the ideological and political construction of inorganic chemistry.
2026, 41(3): 262-267
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504083
Abstract:
The ideological and political course of analytical chemistry laboratory is dedicated to ingeniously embedding ideological and political education into all aspects of analytical chemistry laboratory teaching, and cultivating students' comprehensive quality in an all-round way. This paper expounds the significance of introducing ideological and political elements in the analysis experiment course, analyzes the current situation of ideological and political teaching in analytical chemistry laboratory courses at Xinjiang University, and the organic integration of the course with ideological and political elements. Through multi-dimensional refinement and integration of ideological and political elements, it plays an extremely important role in fully utilizing the educational function of analytical laboratory teaching, thereby enhancing students' patriotic feelings, innovative spirit, environmental awareness, and national community thinking, and guiding students to establish correct socialist core values.
The ideological and political course of analytical chemistry laboratory is dedicated to ingeniously embedding ideological and political education into all aspects of analytical chemistry laboratory teaching, and cultivating students' comprehensive quality in an all-round way. This paper expounds the significance of introducing ideological and political elements in the analysis experiment course, analyzes the current situation of ideological and political teaching in analytical chemistry laboratory courses at Xinjiang University, and the organic integration of the course with ideological and political elements. Through multi-dimensional refinement and integration of ideological and political elements, it plays an extremely important role in fully utilizing the educational function of analytical laboratory teaching, thereby enhancing students' patriotic feelings, innovative spirit, environmental awareness, and national community thinking, and guiding students to establish correct socialist core values.
2026, 41(3): 268-273
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504014
Abstract:
In the face of the severe challenge of global climate change, China's “dual carbon” goals have become a key strategy to promote national sustainable development. To actively respond to this strategic demand, reforms in the field of education, especially in science and technology-related courses, have become particularly urgent. This paper focuses on exploring how to effectively integrate the cutting-edge technology of Metal-CO2 batteries into bilingual physical chemistry courses. The aim is to achieve, through this innovative practice, not only a deep understanding of advanced energy storage knowledge among students but also a simultaneous enhancement of their bilingual communication and interdisciplinary thinking abilities. By deeply exploring teaching content, innovatively designing teaching methods, meticulously planning evaluation strategies, and comprehensively exploring practical applications, this paper strives to construct a curriculum framework that closely aligns with the requirements of the “dual carbon” goals and effectively promotes the improvement of students' comprehensive qualities and practical operational abilities.
In the face of the severe challenge of global climate change, China's “dual carbon” goals have become a key strategy to promote national sustainable development. To actively respond to this strategic demand, reforms in the field of education, especially in science and technology-related courses, have become particularly urgent. This paper focuses on exploring how to effectively integrate the cutting-edge technology of Metal-CO2 batteries into bilingual physical chemistry courses. The aim is to achieve, through this innovative practice, not only a deep understanding of advanced energy storage knowledge among students but also a simultaneous enhancement of their bilingual communication and interdisciplinary thinking abilities. By deeply exploring teaching content, innovatively designing teaching methods, meticulously planning evaluation strategies, and comprehensively exploring practical applications, this paper strives to construct a curriculum framework that closely aligns with the requirements of the “dual carbon” goals and effectively promotes the improvement of students' comprehensive qualities and practical operational abilities.
2026, 41(3): 274-281
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505032
Abstract:
As a pivotal approach to implement the fundamental mission of “fostering virtue and cultivating talents” in the new era, student-centered practical teaching has emerged as a crucial focus for classroom instruction reform. Confronting the inherent challenges of the Instrumental Analysis course characterized by fragmented knowledge points, strong interdisciplinary nature, and rapid technological iterations, along with the persistent disconnections between classroom and laboratory, education and industry, theory and application in traditional pedagogy, our teaching team proposes an innovative paradigm of “Enterprise-Embedded Classroom, Industry-Integrated Education”. This model establishes authentic corporate learning environments to reconstruct knowledge frameworks, transforming industrial laboratories into practical carriers for theoretical understanding. The integrated teaching-research-production model effectively converges talent cultivation chains, educational systems, industrial ecosystems, and innovation networks, systematically supporting the development of a new generation of instrumental analysis professionals with both industrial insights and patriotic dedication.
As a pivotal approach to implement the fundamental mission of “fostering virtue and cultivating talents” in the new era, student-centered practical teaching has emerged as a crucial focus for classroom instruction reform. Confronting the inherent challenges of the Instrumental Analysis course characterized by fragmented knowledge points, strong interdisciplinary nature, and rapid technological iterations, along with the persistent disconnections between classroom and laboratory, education and industry, theory and application in traditional pedagogy, our teaching team proposes an innovative paradigm of “Enterprise-Embedded Classroom, Industry-Integrated Education”. This model establishes authentic corporate learning environments to reconstruct knowledge frameworks, transforming industrial laboratories into practical carriers for theoretical understanding. The integrated teaching-research-production model effectively converges talent cultivation chains, educational systems, industrial ecosystems, and innovation networks, systematically supporting the development of a new generation of instrumental analysis professionals with both industrial insights and patriotic dedication.
2026, 41(3): 282-290
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503090
Abstract:
This study is based on the authors' recent teaching experience and examines the necessity, objectives, and implementation strategies for diversifying the English curriculum for students majoring in chemistry. The reform aims at the development of innovative and effective teaching methods for the training of competent professionals needed for globalization. The main practical approaches include: the assembly of a diverse teaching team, enriched course content, supply of varied learning resources, the use of diverse teaching methodologies, and the implementation of a comprehensive assessment system. Preliminary results have shown significant improvements in student engagement and professional English application skills.
This study is based on the authors' recent teaching experience and examines the necessity, objectives, and implementation strategies for diversifying the English curriculum for students majoring in chemistry. The reform aims at the development of innovative and effective teaching methods for the training of competent professionals needed for globalization. The main practical approaches include: the assembly of a diverse teaching team, enriched course content, supply of varied learning resources, the use of diverse teaching methodologies, and the implementation of a comprehensive assessment system. Preliminary results have shown significant improvements in student engagement and professional English application skills.
2026, 41(3): 291-296
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504034
Abstract:
In this paper, the course of “Chemistry and Society” is taken as an example to explore how to construct basic chemistry courses for the “New Liberal Arts”. The necessity of the reform of basic chemistry courses in the context of the New Liberal Arts is explained, and a detailed introduction to the reform measures from aspects such as curriculum objectives, teaching content, teaching methods, and evaluation systems are provided. By integrating ideological and political elements, connecting with social hot topics, and adopting diversified teaching methods, it has enhanced students' interest in learning and their comprehensive literacy, thus offering valuable references for the development of basic chemistry courses in the context of the New Liberal Arts.
In this paper, the course of “Chemistry and Society” is taken as an example to explore how to construct basic chemistry courses for the “New Liberal Arts”. The necessity of the reform of basic chemistry courses in the context of the New Liberal Arts is explained, and a detailed introduction to the reform measures from aspects such as curriculum objectives, teaching content, teaching methods, and evaluation systems are provided. By integrating ideological and political elements, connecting with social hot topics, and adopting diversified teaching methods, it has enhanced students' interest in learning and their comprehensive literacy, thus offering valuable references for the development of basic chemistry courses in the context of the New Liberal Arts.
2026, 41(3): 297-306
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504078
Abstract:
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) represents an integrated sample pretreatment technology combining extraction, concentration, desorption, and sampling processes in a single step. Characterized by operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, and minimal solvent requirements, this technique has emerged as a critical analytical tool in environmental sciences since its initial development in the 1990s by Belardi and Pawliszyn at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The integration of SPME with mass spectrometry (MS) enables effective detection and quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants, establishing a robust methodology for environmental monitoring. This review systematically examines the fundamental principles of SPME technology, including its extraction mechanisms and advanced coating materials. It further analyzes three principal hyphenated techniques (SPME-GC-MS, SPME-LC/HPLC-MS, and SPME-AMS) through their operational characteristics and environmental application case studies. The paper concludes with a critical perspective on future research directions, focusing on technical optimization and expanded implementation potential in environmental analytical chemistry.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) represents an integrated sample pretreatment technology combining extraction, concentration, desorption, and sampling processes in a single step. Characterized by operational simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, and minimal solvent requirements, this technique has emerged as a critical analytical tool in environmental sciences since its initial development in the 1990s by Belardi and Pawliszyn at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The integration of SPME with mass spectrometry (MS) enables effective detection and quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants, establishing a robust methodology for environmental monitoring. This review systematically examines the fundamental principles of SPME technology, including its extraction mechanisms and advanced coating materials. It further analyzes three principal hyphenated techniques (SPME-GC-MS, SPME-LC/HPLC-MS, and SPME-AMS) through their operational characteristics and environmental application case studies. The paper concludes with a critical perspective on future research directions, focusing on technical optimization and expanded implementation potential in environmental analytical chemistry.
2026, 41(3): 307-321
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505037
Abstract:
From the twinkling stars in the night sky to the vibrant city lights, luminescent phenomena are ubiquitous in daily life, each underpinned by intricate chemical reaction principles. Chemiluminescence, a unique form of luminescence distinct from traditional thermal radiation, occurs when the energy released during a chemical reaction is emitted as light. Luminol, known for its simple structure, easy synthesis, high water solubility, and high quantum efficiency, is widely used as a liquid-phase chemiluminescent reagent. Meanwhile, bisoxalate exhibits excellent chemical stability, strong luminescence performance, high safety, and environmental friendliness, making it an ideal luminescent material. With a focus on science popularization, this study designs and implements a series of engaging chemistry experiments to demonstrate the chemiluminescent properties of luminol and bisoxalate. These experiments explore their application potential in different environments and present the fascinating nature of chemiluminescence through simple yet captivating experimental phenomena. The experiments include a luminous fountain where blue and green light converge, a forensic simulation for detecting bloodstains at crime scenes, a glowing inflatable gourd, a luminescent calligraphy brush evoking ink aesthetics, and a radiant blue rose in the dark. By visually showcasing chemiluminescence through these intriguing and educational experiments, this study not only enhances public understanding of luminescence phenomena but also explores their practical applications, highlighting the beauty and sophistication of chemistry.
From the twinkling stars in the night sky to the vibrant city lights, luminescent phenomena are ubiquitous in daily life, each underpinned by intricate chemical reaction principles. Chemiluminescence, a unique form of luminescence distinct from traditional thermal radiation, occurs when the energy released during a chemical reaction is emitted as light. Luminol, known for its simple structure, easy synthesis, high water solubility, and high quantum efficiency, is widely used as a liquid-phase chemiluminescent reagent. Meanwhile, bisoxalate exhibits excellent chemical stability, strong luminescence performance, high safety, and environmental friendliness, making it an ideal luminescent material. With a focus on science popularization, this study designs and implements a series of engaging chemistry experiments to demonstrate the chemiluminescent properties of luminol and bisoxalate. These experiments explore their application potential in different environments and present the fascinating nature of chemiluminescence through simple yet captivating experimental phenomena. The experiments include a luminous fountain where blue and green light converge, a forensic simulation for detecting bloodstains at crime scenes, a glowing inflatable gourd, a luminescent calligraphy brush evoking ink aesthetics, and a radiant blue rose in the dark. By visually showcasing chemiluminescence through these intriguing and educational experiments, this study not only enhances public understanding of luminescence phenomena but also explores their practical applications, highlighting the beauty and sophistication of chemistry.
2026, 41(3): 322-329
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503135
Abstract:
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), an important tropical cash crop, is not only rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and dietary fiber in its fruit, but also contains high-value bioactive components such as cellulose, polyphenols, and bromelain in its leaves, peel, and crown. With the extensive cultivation of pineapple in China, pineapple wastes have become one of the major agricultural byproducts. Through biorefinery approaches, these pineapple-based wastes can be converted into various biofuels including biohydrogen, bioethanol, and biodiesel. This diversified utilization pattern of pineapple biomass resources can maximize resource utilization efficiency, enhance economic benefits, while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution and promoting green sustainable development of resources, thereby contributing to the “dual carbon” goals. Employing an anthropomorphic narrative approach, this paper elucidates the main components of pineapple waste and their applications, vividly illustrating how pineapple wastes achieve the “remarkable transformation” in the energy sector through biorefinery technologies.
Pineapple (Ananas comosus), an important tropical cash crop, is not only rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and dietary fiber in its fruit, but also contains high-value bioactive components such as cellulose, polyphenols, and bromelain in its leaves, peel, and crown. With the extensive cultivation of pineapple in China, pineapple wastes have become one of the major agricultural byproducts. Through biorefinery approaches, these pineapple-based wastes can be converted into various biofuels including biohydrogen, bioethanol, and biodiesel. This diversified utilization pattern of pineapple biomass resources can maximize resource utilization efficiency, enhance economic benefits, while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution and promoting green sustainable development of resources, thereby contributing to the “dual carbon” goals. Employing an anthropomorphic narrative approach, this paper elucidates the main components of pineapple waste and their applications, vividly illustrating how pineapple wastes achieve the “remarkable transformation” in the energy sector through biorefinery technologies.
2026, 41(3): 330-335
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503119
Abstract:
With the rapid advancement of technology, batteries, as an indispensable “source of energy” in our daily lives, provide power support for various devices. However, seemingly ordinary batteries gradually “age” during operation, ultimately affecting the normal use of devices. So, why do batteries “age”, and how can we help them “extend their lifespan”? This paper adopts a unique anthropomorphic perspective to delve into the “inner world” of batteries. It first unveils the mystery behind battery operation, explaining how they convert chemical energy into electrical energy. In this process, key factors such as resistance, conductivity, and ion mobility act as “behind-the-scenes drivers”, influencing battery performance. To help batteries “delay aging”, the paper explores practical methods to extend their lifespan, enabling batteries to maintain “youthful vitality” and deliver better performance. Finally, it introduces future development trends of new high-energy-density batteries, such as all-solid-state batteries and lithium-air batteries. These emerging technologies not only hold the potential to address the “aging” issues of traditional batteries but also contribute to environmental protection efforts.
With the rapid advancement of technology, batteries, as an indispensable “source of energy” in our daily lives, provide power support for various devices. However, seemingly ordinary batteries gradually “age” during operation, ultimately affecting the normal use of devices. So, why do batteries “age”, and how can we help them “extend their lifespan”? This paper adopts a unique anthropomorphic perspective to delve into the “inner world” of batteries. It first unveils the mystery behind battery operation, explaining how they convert chemical energy into electrical energy. In this process, key factors such as resistance, conductivity, and ion mobility act as “behind-the-scenes drivers”, influencing battery performance. To help batteries “delay aging”, the paper explores practical methods to extend their lifespan, enabling batteries to maintain “youthful vitality” and deliver better performance. Finally, it introduces future development trends of new high-energy-density batteries, such as all-solid-state batteries and lithium-air batteries. These emerging technologies not only hold the potential to address the “aging” issues of traditional batteries but also contribute to environmental protection efforts.
2026, 41(3): 336-342
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503114
Abstract:
Hyaluronic acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is an important biological macromolecule that was first isolated from the bovine vitreous humor by Professor Meyer and his team. As a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, HA has earned its reputation as “best all-rounder” due to its unique biological functions and wide-ranging applications. Its contributions span medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. In medicine, it finds applications in joint care, ophthalmic surgery, and dermal fillers. In the cosmetics industry, HA is regarded as the “queen” of skincare owing to its exceptional moisturizing properties. In the food industry, its dual benefits for health and beauty have gained popularity. This article employs a “Best All-rounder” award ceremony concept to showcase HA's unique properties and contributions while revealing the chemical basis behind its versatility, offering readers insights into this multifunctional biomolecule's role in modern life.
Hyaluronic acid (HA), also known as hyaluronan, is an important biological macromolecule that was first isolated from the bovine vitreous humor by Professor Meyer and his team. As a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, HA has earned its reputation as “best all-rounder” due to its unique biological functions and wide-ranging applications. Its contributions span medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. In medicine, it finds applications in joint care, ophthalmic surgery, and dermal fillers. In the cosmetics industry, HA is regarded as the “queen” of skincare owing to its exceptional moisturizing properties. In the food industry, its dual benefits for health and beauty have gained popularity. This article employs a “Best All-rounder” award ceremony concept to showcase HA's unique properties and contributions while revealing the chemical basis behind its versatility, offering readers insights into this multifunctional biomolecule's role in modern life.
2026, 41(3): 343-350
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202506050
Abstract:
Chlorine disinfection is extensively employed in tap water treatment, environmental sanitation, and food preservation owing to its potent antibacteridal properties and cost-effectiveness. However, residual chlorine often persists post-disinfection. The ingestion of such residual chlorine through food and beverages may adversely affect human health, yet public awareness of this hazard remains limited. This study presents a multi-level science communication initiative centered on residual chlorine detection. Utilizing the distinctive colorimetric transition observed in iodometric titration for chlorine quantification as a visual anchor, we developed portable demonstration kits. Supported by complementary educational materials—including pamphlets, informational displays, instructional comics, presentation slides, and versatile testing reagents—we conducted interactive science outreach activities featuring live demonstrations, theoretical explanations, and hands-on participation. Designed for diverse audiences ranging from primary students to the general public, this approach combines easily comprehensible chemical principles with portable equipment, visually striking results, and direct relevance to daily health concerns. The initiative effectively enhances public understanding of residual chlorine safety in water and food consumption, establishing a coherent cognitive framework linking experimental observations, chemical mechanisms, and practical health implications, thereby achieving optimal science communication outcomes.
Chlorine disinfection is extensively employed in tap water treatment, environmental sanitation, and food preservation owing to its potent antibacteridal properties and cost-effectiveness. However, residual chlorine often persists post-disinfection. The ingestion of such residual chlorine through food and beverages may adversely affect human health, yet public awareness of this hazard remains limited. This study presents a multi-level science communication initiative centered on residual chlorine detection. Utilizing the distinctive colorimetric transition observed in iodometric titration for chlorine quantification as a visual anchor, we developed portable demonstration kits. Supported by complementary educational materials—including pamphlets, informational displays, instructional comics, presentation slides, and versatile testing reagents—we conducted interactive science outreach activities featuring live demonstrations, theoretical explanations, and hands-on participation. Designed for diverse audiences ranging from primary students to the general public, this approach combines easily comprehensible chemical principles with portable equipment, visually striking results, and direct relevance to daily health concerns. The initiative effectively enhances public understanding of residual chlorine safety in water and food consumption, establishing a coherent cognitive framework linking experimental observations, chemical mechanisms, and practical health implications, thereby achieving optimal science communication outcomes.
2026, 41(3): 351-356
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503130
Abstract:
As the first manufactured element, technetium has an important place in the history of chemistry. This paper describes the discovery of technetium in anthropomorphic writing, and introduces the applications of technetium in production, daily life, and especially in medicine, allowing readers to understand this special element in a vivid way.
As the first manufactured element, technetium has an important place in the history of chemistry. This paper describes the discovery of technetium in anthropomorphic writing, and introduces the applications of technetium in production, daily life, and especially in medicine, allowing readers to understand this special element in a vivid way.
2026, 41(3): 357-362
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504010
Abstract:
Oil-splashed chili, a traditional condiment from China's Guanzhong Plain, is more than just a seasoning, and it embodies centuries of agricultural heritage and local wisdom. This study explores the organic chemistry behind this culinary art, focusing on key components like capsanthin and capsaicin. We analyze the color, aroma and flavor transformations that occur when hot oil meets chili, revealing the science behind this dramatic change. Using organic chemistry principles, we show how temperature control and ingredient combinations create the final flavor profile, while also reviewing capsaicin's bioactive properties. Additionally, we examine the cultural significance of this tradition, connecting it to agricultural practices and philosophical traditions, thus providing new insights into traditional food science through the lens of chemistry and culture.
Oil-splashed chili, a traditional condiment from China's Guanzhong Plain, is more than just a seasoning, and it embodies centuries of agricultural heritage and local wisdom. This study explores the organic chemistry behind this culinary art, focusing on key components like capsanthin and capsaicin. We analyze the color, aroma and flavor transformations that occur when hot oil meets chili, revealing the science behind this dramatic change. Using organic chemistry principles, we show how temperature control and ingredient combinations create the final flavor profile, while also reviewing capsaicin's bioactive properties. Additionally, we examine the cultural significance of this tradition, connecting it to agricultural practices and philosophical traditions, thus providing new insights into traditional food science through the lens of chemistry and culture.
2026, 41(3): 363-372
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505047
Abstract:
The application of self-constructed instruments in experimental teaching presents a new challenge in the reform of instrumental analysis experiment courses. In these experiments, students independently design and construct Raman spectrometers. By replacing optical components of different specifications and adjusting experimental parameters, students systematically explore various factors affecting the technical performance of the instruments. They utilize the self-constructed Raman spectrometers to detect and identify amino acids, mastering the method of using Raman spectroscopy for molecular structural analysis. This experiment aligns with the requirements of the chemistry “101 Plan” course design, emphasizing the practical teaching mode of process participation. While stimulating students' interest in learning, it focuses on cultivating their scientific exploration spirit and strengthening the connection between theory and practice.
The application of self-constructed instruments in experimental teaching presents a new challenge in the reform of instrumental analysis experiment courses. In these experiments, students independently design and construct Raman spectrometers. By replacing optical components of different specifications and adjusting experimental parameters, students systematically explore various factors affecting the technical performance of the instruments. They utilize the self-constructed Raman spectrometers to detect and identify amino acids, mastering the method of using Raman spectroscopy for molecular structural analysis. This experiment aligns with the requirements of the chemistry “101 Plan” course design, emphasizing the practical teaching mode of process participation. While stimulating students' interest in learning, it focuses on cultivating their scientific exploration spirit and strengthening the connection between theory and practice.
2026, 41(3): 373-380
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505023
Abstract:
Conductometric titration is a titration analysis method that determines the endpoint based on the sudden change in conductivity before and after the endpoint. This method can be used to obtain the content of substances more simply and precisely and has been widely applied in water quality analysis and scientific research. This experimental project introduces the conductometric titration method into inorganic chemistry experimental teaching. Taking a classic inorganic chemistry experimental project - the determination of sodium carbonate content as an example, content analysis is carried out based on the conductometric titration method. Familiarizing with the relevant operations of conductometric titration, quantitative analysis of the substance composition in sodium carbonate is conducted, and compared with the dual indicator method to understand the principles and errors of different titration methods.
Conductometric titration is a titration analysis method that determines the endpoint based on the sudden change in conductivity before and after the endpoint. This method can be used to obtain the content of substances more simply and precisely and has been widely applied in water quality analysis and scientific research. This experimental project introduces the conductometric titration method into inorganic chemistry experimental teaching. Taking a classic inorganic chemistry experimental project - the determination of sodium carbonate content as an example, content analysis is carried out based on the conductometric titration method. Familiarizing with the relevant operations of conductometric titration, quantitative analysis of the substance composition in sodium carbonate is conducted, and compared with the dual indicator method to understand the principles and errors of different titration methods.
2026, 41(3): 381-389
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504067
Abstract:
In recent years, Photocatalytic technology which utilizes abundant solar energy for converting CO2 into valuable hydrocarbon fuels have gained significant research attention. To foster innovative talent development and alleviate environgmental issue, we designed the synthesis of CoAl-LDH/CdS materials and their application in photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments. This initiative aims to enhance undergraduates' innovative thinking and practical skills while aligning experimental teaching with national development priorities. The CoAl-LDH/CdS composite material was synthesized through a hydrothermal method, demonstrating its efficacy as an environmentally friendly photocatalyst. Under visible light irradiation, the composite exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, achieving a maximum CO yield of 39.02 μmol·g-1. This study focuses on developing a teaching experiment suitable for widespread implementation in undergraduate laboratory curricula. 1) Optimized Synthesis for Teaching Efficiency: Considering the constraints of undergraduate experiments, such as limited time and operational simplicity, optimal reactant ratios were determined through fluorescence spectrum analysis of CoAl-LDH/CdS materials. This approach ensures the synthesis of high-performance products within restricted class hours while enhancing students' skills in nanomaterial preparation and modern analytical characterization techniques. 2) Enhanced Photocatalytic Mechanisms: The CoAl-LDH/CdS composite significantly improves CO2 photoreduction by enhancing light absorption and providing abundant active sites, thereby suppressing photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination. This application underscores chemistry's critical role in energy and environmental solutions, deepening students' understanding of photocatalytic technologies in addressing global challenges. 3) Cost-Effective and Sustainable Design: To accommodate large-scale undergraduate participation, material costs were reduced, and pollution was minimized at both source and process stages without compromising experimental efficacy. This approach aligns with green chemistry principles, ensuring educational effectiveness alongside environmental sustainability.
In recent years, Photocatalytic technology which utilizes abundant solar energy for converting CO2 into valuable hydrocarbon fuels have gained significant research attention. To foster innovative talent development and alleviate environgmental issue, we designed the synthesis of CoAl-LDH/CdS materials and their application in photocatalytic CO2 reduction experiments. This initiative aims to enhance undergraduates' innovative thinking and practical skills while aligning experimental teaching with national development priorities. The CoAl-LDH/CdS composite material was synthesized through a hydrothermal method, demonstrating its efficacy as an environmentally friendly photocatalyst. Under visible light irradiation, the composite exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity, achieving a maximum CO yield of 39.02 μmol·g-1. This study focuses on developing a teaching experiment suitable for widespread implementation in undergraduate laboratory curricula. 1) Optimized Synthesis for Teaching Efficiency: Considering the constraints of undergraduate experiments, such as limited time and operational simplicity, optimal reactant ratios were determined through fluorescence spectrum analysis of CoAl-LDH/CdS materials. This approach ensures the synthesis of high-performance products within restricted class hours while enhancing students' skills in nanomaterial preparation and modern analytical characterization techniques. 2) Enhanced Photocatalytic Mechanisms: The CoAl-LDH/CdS composite significantly improves CO2 photoreduction by enhancing light absorption and providing abundant active sites, thereby suppressing photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination. This application underscores chemistry's critical role in energy and environmental solutions, deepening students' understanding of photocatalytic technologies in addressing global challenges. 3) Cost-Effective and Sustainable Design: To accommodate large-scale undergraduate participation, material costs were reduced, and pollution was minimized at both source and process stages without compromising experimental efficacy. This approach aligns with green chemistry principles, ensuring educational effectiveness alongside environmental sustainability.
2026, 41(3): 390-395
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202504045
Abstract:
Against the backdrop of ongoing educational reforms, educational research competence has become increasingly pivotal in teachers' professional development and self-enhancement. As a crucial element in teacher workforce development, enhancing pre-service teachers' educational research literacy is essential for advancing basic education. This case study examines the professional development trajectory of a pre-service chemistry teacher (2021 cohort, Shaanxi Normal University) participating in an integrated research-practice training initiative. Through an in-depth examination of the “College Students' Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program” implementation during teaching practicum, this research systematically analyzes the synergistic relationship between pedagogical training and research capacity building. The findings reveal that structured research training plays a pivotal role in cultivating educational research competencies among pre-service teachers. These insights contribute to the effective strategies for cultivating educational research competencies in pre-service teachers. And it provides authentic case studies and actionable insights to inform cohort-based training programs and individualized professional development pathways for pre-service educators.
Against the backdrop of ongoing educational reforms, educational research competence has become increasingly pivotal in teachers' professional development and self-enhancement. As a crucial element in teacher workforce development, enhancing pre-service teachers' educational research literacy is essential for advancing basic education. This case study examines the professional development trajectory of a pre-service chemistry teacher (2021 cohort, Shaanxi Normal University) participating in an integrated research-practice training initiative. Through an in-depth examination of the “College Students' Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program” implementation during teaching practicum, this research systematically analyzes the synergistic relationship between pedagogical training and research capacity building. The findings reveal that structured research training plays a pivotal role in cultivating educational research competencies among pre-service teachers. These insights contribute to the effective strategies for cultivating educational research competencies in pre-service teachers. And it provides authentic case studies and actionable insights to inform cohort-based training programs and individualized professional development pathways for pre-service educators.
2026, 41(3): 396-415
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508092
Abstract:
2026, 41(3): 416-431
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508093
Abstract:
2026, 41(3): 432-440
doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202603016
Abstract:
The construction ideas and main contents of the teaching standards for chemistry in middle schools and universities are analyzed. Through comparison, it is found that there is an “inversion” phenomenon in the teaching goals and requirements of chemistry in middle schools and universities. The reasons for this inversion are analyzed. Based on the classification and hierarchy of knowledge, the teaching contents, requirements and key points of chemistry teaching at the middle school, university and postgraduate levels are initially clarified. Suggestions on repositioning the teaching goals of middle school chemistry teaching are put forward. In view of the existing problems in the current chemistry teaching in middle schools and universities, suggestions for reform are proposed, including adjusting the teaching goals of middle school chemistry, solving several key problems in middle school teaching, and establishing a connection mechanism for the integration of teaching in middle schools and universities. These suggestions are of certain reference significance for building a channel for the cultivation of chemistry talents with an integrated connection between middle schools and universities so as to promote the construction of a superpower country in chemistry education.
The construction ideas and main contents of the teaching standards for chemistry in middle schools and universities are analyzed. Through comparison, it is found that there is an “inversion” phenomenon in the teaching goals and requirements of chemistry in middle schools and universities. The reasons for this inversion are analyzed. Based on the classification and hierarchy of knowledge, the teaching contents, requirements and key points of chemistry teaching at the middle school, university and postgraduate levels are initially clarified. Suggestions on repositioning the teaching goals of middle school chemistry teaching are put forward. In view of the existing problems in the current chemistry teaching in middle schools and universities, suggestions for reform are proposed, including adjusting the teaching goals of middle school chemistry, solving several key problems in middle school teaching, and establishing a connection mechanism for the integration of teaching in middle schools and universities. These suggestions are of certain reference significance for building a channel for the cultivation of chemistry talents with an integrated connection between middle schools and universities so as to promote the construction of a superpower country in chemistry education.
